Chapter 9 (Building A Healthy City) Flashcards
(27 cards)
1
Q
Stages of Change Model
A
- Pre-contemplation
- People are yet to recognize that there is a problem in their behaviour that needs to be changed - Contemplation stage
- have acknowledged that there is a problem
- not yet ready or sure of wanting to make a change - Preparation/Determination stage
- people are ready to change
- have made some initial attempts - Action
- people start practicing new behaviours - Maintenance
- maintain the practice of new behaivour for a period of time
2
Q
Name the Ottawa Charter of health promotion
A
- Building healthy public policy
- Policy directing awareness of health consequences of decisions
- Accept their responsibility for health - Create supportive environments
- Generates living/working conditions are safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable
- Conservation of natural resources worldwide should be emphasized as a global responsibility - Strengthen community action
- Enhance self-help and social support
- Promote mutual help and establish the community bonds
- Development draws on human and material resources in communities - Develop personal skills
- Providing information, education for health
- Enhancing life skills to control health
- Make choices conducive to maintaining health - Re-orientate health services
- No longer confined as clinical treatment
- Extended to disease prevention and health promotion
- Promotes holistic health
3
Q
Examples for building healthy public policy
A
- Legislation
- Government financial arrangements
- Taxation
- Programs and promotions
4
Q
Examples for create supportive environments
A
- To foster a safe, fulfilling and happy living environment
- To provide community support services
5
Q
Examples for strengthen community action
A
- To enhance public participation in health matters
- Support groups for people to express feelings, concerns, experiences
6
Q
Examples for develop personal skills
A
- Provide information, health education, training of life skills, positive thinking and community integration
7
Q
Examples for re-orientate health services
A
- Encourage health professionals to participate in the promotions
- Extended to disease prevention and health promotion
8
Q
Name the 3 levels for a “healthy city”
A
- Community level
- Society level
- International level
9
Q
Guiding principles for community level
A
1.Community participation
- Encourage people to voice their opinions
- actively build a healthy community
- Health promotion
- Promote healthy living environment and lifestyle
- Enhance health education that ‘prevention is better than cure’
- Primary health care
- To strengthen the network of community clinics
- To reduce the need of hospital care
10
Q
Guiding principles for society level
A
- Equity in health
- Equal opportunity to attain full health potential for everyone regardless of age/gender
- Inter-sectoral collaboration
- Have collaboration across government departments and service organizations
- For better services tailored to community needs
- Evidence-based approach
- To ensure optimum use of limited resources
- To identify and meet real demands through validation measures
- Have proper evaluation procedures
11
Q
Guiding principles for international levels
A
- International cooperation
- Share knowledge/experiences with other healthy cities around the world
12
Q
Name the process of risk assessment
A
- Risk assessment
- Improve health and safety
- Changes in the environment
- Monitor and review
13
Q
Name some of the risks
A
- Injuries
- Poisoning
- Physical illness
- Mental illness
14
Q
Name hazards for injuries
A
- Mechanical hazard
- Contact with moving parts of machinery or equipment
- Physical hazard
- Obstacles on the ground (wet or demaged flooring)
- Poor visibility
15
Q
Name hazards for poisoning
A
- Chemical hazard
- Hazardous chemical substances
16
Q
Name hazards for physical illness
A
- Biological hazard
- Environmental conditions allow the rapid growth of micro-organisms
- Lifestyle hazard
- Risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol addiction, drug abuse, unprotected sex, unhygienic practices)
17
Q
Name hazard for mental illness
A
- Stress hazard
- Related to life events (work pressure, depression, etc)
18
Q
Consequences for injuries
A
- Mechanical hazard
- Cuts
- Bruises
- Punctured skin
- Crushed limps
- Amputation
- Fatality
- Physical hazard
- Slips
- Trips
- Falls
19
Q
Consequences of poisoning
A
- Chemical hazard
- Skin or eye irritation
- Respiratory problems (asthma, lung cancer)
- Poisonings
- Long term health problems (e.g. cancer)
20
Q
Consequences for physical illness
A
- Biological hazard
- Infectious diseases (bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites)
- Lifestyle hazard
- Infectious and non infectious diseases (heart attacks, stroke, cancers, asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases)
21
Q
Consequences for mental illness
A
- Stress hazard
- Insomnia
- Depression
- High blood pressure
22
Q
Name the risk management
A
- Empowerment
- Provide more occupational safety information
- Provide informative nutritional labeling
- Empowerment to deal with lifestyle hazard
- Precautions
- Individual level (wearing surgical masks, washing hands)
- community level (attending prevention courses, reiterating government guidelines)
- Monitoring
- Controlling the hazardous exposure
- Putting in-place measures
- Like no smoking indoors etc
23
Q
Name the health belief model
A
- Individual perceptions
- Modifying factors
- Likelihood of action
24
Q
What is individual perceptions
A
The higher perceive of threat, the more willing to take action
1. Perceived severity
- Individuals assessment on severity of failure to treat the disease
- Including clinical consequences
- possible social consequences
2. Perceived susceptibility
- Individuals subjective assessment on risk of contracting a disease
25
What is modifying factors
To feel more threatened by disease and trigger preventive action
- demographic (age, gender)
- cues to action (doctors advice, education, media information, symptoms, family)
- socio-psychological (personality, social class)
- structural factors (knowledge of disease, prior exposure to disease)
26
What is likelihood of action
If “perceived benefit” outweighs “perceived barriers”, individuals will take action to prevent diseases
1. Perceived benefits
- Individuals assessment on vaccination in reducing the threat of diseases
2. Perceived barriers
Individuals assessment on the potential
- Negative impact of vaccination
- Risk (side effects)
- Unpleasurable action(pain, distress)
- Time-consuming
- Cost
27
Types of bullying
- Physical assault
- Verbal harassment
- Exclusion from social situation
- Coercion
