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Biology > Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Equations for surface area and volume

A

L x w= surface area

L x w x h=volume

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2
Q

Volume

A

Amount of space something takes up

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3
Q

How does a cell get most of its nutrients?

A

Osmosis and diffusion

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4
Q

Why is a bigger cell badder?

A
  • volume increases faster than surface area
  • surface area to volume ratio is going to decrease
  • cell will have difficulty supplying nutrients and getting rid of waste products with a smaller plasma membrane
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5
Q

What allows organisms to grow large?

A

More cells

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6
Q

How do substances move?

A

Diffusion of by motor proteins

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7
Q

What size of cells are more efficient in their transport systems?

A

Small

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8
Q

Why is a bigger cell, badder?

A
  • more area that affects communication throughout the cell

- need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell limits size

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9
Q

What prevents a cell from becoming too big?

A

Cell division

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10
Q

Cell cycle

A

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing

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11
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows, carries out regular functions, and replicates DNA (can’t see individual chromosomes)

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12
Q

G1

A

Cell grows and develops

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13
Q

S

A

DNA is replicated

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14
Q

G2

A

Prepares and checks before cell division

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15
Q

G0

A

When a cell pauses, or rests

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear material divide

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17
Q

Prophase

A

Division of the nuclear material (can see individual chromosomes)

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18
Q

How to the chromosomes become visible in prophase?

A

Chromatin coils making chromosomes visible

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19
Q

What things happen during prophase?

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A
  • nucleolus breaks down
  • sister chromatids attach at the centromere
  • nuclear envelope seems to disappear
  • spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids
  • chromosomes start to move to the middle of the cell
20
Q

Metaphase

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A

Sister chromatids move to the middle

21
Q

Anaphase

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A

Microtubules shorten, sister chromatids separate and chromosome number doubles. Chromosomes move toward the poles

22
Q

Telophase

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A

Fixers everything that prophase did

  • chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax
  • spindle apparatus disassembles
  • two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear
  • cleavage starts
23
Q

What are the 2 sister chromatids attached with?

24
Q

Haploid

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A

Sperm, only needs 23 chromosomes

25
Diploid
Cell
26
How many genes do we have?
30,000
27
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides, a new cell is created
28
What’s the difference between cytokinesis in plants and in animals?
Animal cells have microfilaments that pinch the cytoplasm and plant cells have a cell plate that forms.
29
What to checkpoints do?
Monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong
30
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
31
What happens during apoptosis?
Lysosomes that are full of enzymes break and spill into the cytoplasm causing the cell to shrivel and die
32
What three things will a cell do if it has a flaw?
- fix it - destroy itself - not catch it
33
What do cyclin/CDK do?
Signal activities like DNA replication, protein synthesis, nuclear division (key and ignition)
34
Cyclin
(Key) starter for after each checkpoint; different ones tell it to start different things
35
CDK
(Ignition) starter after each checkpoint; different ones tell it to start different things
36
Cancer
Uncontrolled growth and division of cells
37
How does cancer kill an organism?
Crowds out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function; forms a tumor
38
Carcinogens
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells; cause mutations
39
Three ways we attack cancer?
Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
40
What causes cancer?
- environment- choices you make, things you’re around and exposed to - genetics- cards you get delt
41
Metastasis
When the cancer cells break away from the tumor and spread it to different parts of the body
42
Benign
(Noncancerous) tumors that grow slowly and don’t spread
43
Malignant
(Cancerous) tumors that grow rapidly and spread
44
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can turn into any type of cell - reads the genes on how to be a certain type of cell - programs itself to be something
45
Embryonic stem cell
- cells of a fetus - divide until there is 100-150 - not specialized
46
Adult stem cell s
- found in tissues in the body - might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue - less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

Biology (12 decks)

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