Chapter 9 (China)

Question 1

Anticorruption Campaign

Answer 1

Xi Jinping’s sweeping campaign against corruption, launched in 2012 and used to tackle government malfeasance at all levels and eliminate political rivals

Question 2

Beijing Consensus

Answer 2

Nonmercantilist model of state-led capitalist development adopted by China and proposed as an alternative to the Western neoliberal model known as the Washington Consensus

Question 3

Belt and Road Initiative

Answer 3

China’s huge infrastructure development and inestment project launched in 2013, designed to link China to the rest of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and beyond

Question 4

Century of Humiliation

Answer 4

China’s self-described long century (1839-1949) of intervention and exploitation at the hands of Western and Japanese imperialists

Question 5

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Answer 5

Authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present

Question 6

Chinese Dream

Answer 6

Paramount leader Xi Jinping’s policy vision calling for China’s national rejuvenation, modernization, and prosperity

Question 7

Confucianism

Answer 7

Philosophy attributed to Chinese sage Confucius emphasizing social harmony

Question 8

Cultural Revolution

Answer 8

Mao’s radical movement launched in 1966 to regain political control from rivals, resulting in a decade of social and political chaos

Question 9

danwei (work unit) system

Answer 9

Maoist program providing all Chinese citizens lifetime affiliation with a work unit governing all aspects of their lives

Question 10

Xiaoping Deng

Answer 10

Paramount leader (1978-97) who launched China’s policy of economic reform and opening

Question 11

Falun Gong

Answer 11

Meditative martial arts movement founded in 1992 and banned by the Chinese government in 1999 as an evil cult

Question 12

Floating Population

Answer 12

China’s roughly 300 million itinerant peasants who have been leaving the countryside to seek urban employment since the 1990s

Question 13

Great Leap Forward

Answer 13

Mao’s disastrous 1958-60 effort to modernize China through localized industrial production and agricultural communes

Question 14

Household responsibility system

Answer 14

Deng’s highly successful 1980s rural reform program that lowered production quotas and allowed the sale of surplus agricultural produce on the free market

Question 15

Jintao Hu

Answer 15

China’s paramount leader from 2002-2012

Question 16

hukou (household registration) system

Answer 16

Maoist program that tied all Chinese to a particular geographic location

Question 17

Iron Rice Bowl

Answer 17

Term for Mao’s promise of cradle-to-grave health care, work, and retirement security which has largely disappeared under reform and opening

Question 18

Kuomintang (KMT)

Answer 18

China’s Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen and led by Chiang Kai-shek, who was overthrown by Mao’s communists in 1949 and forced to flee to Taiwan

Question 19

Li Qiang

Answer 19

China’s premier and head of government (2023-present)

Question 20

Long March

Answer 20

The CCP’s 6,000-mile heroic retreat (1934-35) to northwestern China during the country’s civil war with the Chinese Nationalist Party, the KMT

Question 21

Mao Zedong

Answer 21

Leader of the Chinese communist revolution who dominated Chinese politics from the founding of the PRC until his death in 1976

Question 22

May Fourth Movement

Answer 22

Student-led anti-imperialist cultural and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919

Question 23

National Party Congress

Answer 23

Chinese Communist Party’s cumbersome representative body; more akin to a national political party convention

Question 24

National People’s Congress (NPC)

Answer 24

China’s national legislature

Question 25

People's Liberation Army (PLA)

Answer 25

China's military, largest in the world

Question 26

Red Capitalists

Answer 26

Private entreprenuers who are also members of the CCP and whose interests generally align with those of the party-state

Question 27

Red Guards

Answer 27

Radicalized youth who served as Mao's shock troops during the Cultural Revolution

Question 28

Reds versus experts

Answer 28

Term describing Mao's policy favoring politically indoctrinated party cadres (Reds) over those people who had economic training (experts)

Question 29

reform and opening

Answer 29

Deng's economic liberalization policy, starting in the late 1970s

Question 30

Social Credit System (SCS)

Answer 30

State-implemented behavioral modification system that tracks the economic and social actions of Chinese citizens and businesses

Question 31

Special Economic Zones

Answer 31

Enclaves established since 1979 by the Chinese government that have offered tax breaks and other incentives to lure foreign investment

Question 32

Yat-Sen Sun

Answer 32

Founder of China's Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and considered the father of modern China

Question 33

Three Represents

Answer 33

Jiang Zemin's 2001 policy co-opting private entreprenuers into the CCP

Question 34

Tiananmen square

Answer 34

Historic plaza in the Beijing where the chinese paty-state crushed the 1989 pro-reform demonstration

Question 35

Uighurs

Answer 35

Ethnic Muslim, Turkic minority residing in China's northwestern Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, subject in recent years to intensive efforts of forced assimilation

Question 36

Xi Jinping

Answer 36

China's paramount leader, serving simultaneously as head of the party (CCP general secretary), head of the state (PRC president), and head of the military (CMC chairman)