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Psychological Disorders > Chapter 9 - Depressive Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Depressive Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

How many Americans suffer from severe unipolar depression?

A

8%

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2
Q

What percent of adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression?

A

20%

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3
Q

How much more likely are women to have an episode of severe unipolar depression than men?

A

twice as likely

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4
Q

what is the average age of the onset for depression?

A

19

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5
Q

What percent of those who suffer from severe depression die from suicide

A

5 to 15%

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6
Q

On tasks of memory, attention and reasoning how do depressed people compare to non depressed people

A

Non-depressed people are only slightly worse in memory, attention, etc.

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7
Q

What is the DSM-5 definition of a major depressive episode

A

For a two week. Person displays an increased in depressed mood for the majority of each day and or a decrease in enjoyment of interest across most activities for the majority of the day.

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8
Q

What is catatonic depression

A

Depression with immobility

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9
Q

What is peripartum (aka postpartum) depression

A

Depression that occurs during pregnancy or 4 weeks after pregnancy

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10
Q

What is melancholic depression

A

Depression where person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events

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11
Q

How long do the symptoms of postpartum depression last

A

A year or more

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12
Q

What drug was approved for postpartum depression

A

Brexanolone

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13
Q

When is a person diagnosed with major depressive disorder

A

If a person who goes a major depressive episode without having any history of mania.

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14
Q

When is somebody diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder

A

When a person’s unipolar depression is chronic.

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15
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

A diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly have clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

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16
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

Characterized by a combination of per…. recurrent outbursts of severe temper

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17
Q

If one twin has depression what is th….d the other twin will have depression

A

38% chance

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18
Q

Which two neurotransmitters have been linked to unipolar depression?

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin

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19
Q

What is the depression related circuit and how is it dysfunction triggered by hormones

A

Evidence suggests that the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, which brings about the release of hormones at various locations in the body, is overly reactive in people with depression.

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20
Q

What brain structures are involved in the proposed brain circuit of depression

A

Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and subgenual cingulate (left)

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21
Q

What characteristics do the Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and subgenual cingulate show in depression?

A
  • Activity and blood flow are unusually low in certain parts and unusually high in other parts of the prefrontal cortex
  • The hippocampus of the undersized
  • Activity and blood flow are high in the amygdala
  • Subgenual singulate is small and active.
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22
Q

What are the four kinds of drugs available to reduce the symptoms of depression?

A

Monamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, the second generation antidepressants, and ketamine based drugs.

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23
Q

Why must people taking MAO inhibitors stick to a strict diet?

A

Tyramine can be found in common foods such as bananas or cheese and can dangerously raise blood pressure.

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24
Q

What are tricyclics

A

Three ringed molecular structure antidepressants.

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25
How do tricyclics reduce depression neurologically
Tricyclics reduced repression by acting on neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms. Allowing serotonin or doroprenephrine to remain in a synapse for longer.
26
How are SSRIS different from tricyclics neurologically
SSSRI's target serotonin specifically while Tricyclics can target multiple neurotransmitters like norepinephrine.
27
What is ketamine
A short acting anesthetic used in the treatment of depression.
28
How do ketamine based treatments appear to alleviate depression?
By increasing the activity of glutamate in the brain.
29
True or false, there are many more glutamate receptors than serotonin or norepinephrine receptors in the brain's depression related circuits
True
30
What is the purported percentage of people who do not respond to antidepressants
30%
31
What is publication bias
Refers to the tendency of professional journals to accept publication mainly for those studies that have positive findings.
32
How has publication bias shed light to the effectiveness of antidepressants
Researchers found that unpublished studies showing antidepressants were ineffective skewed the statistic that antidepressants helped 65%. When in actuality only 50% are helped.
33
What is one of the major side effects of ECT
Memory Loss
34
What is Vagus nerve stimulation
Implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve which then delivers electrical signals to the brain
35
How Is depression caused according to object relations theorists
Depression results when people's relationships especially their early relationships leave them feeling unsafe, insecure and dependent on others.
36
Who was one of the first theorists to link depression to significant life changes?
Peter Lewinsohn
37
what is Lewinson's theory of social rewards & depression
Social rewards are particularly important in the downward spiral depression. Research shows that depressed people show fewer social rewards than non-depressed people; mood improves as social reward increases.
38
What is the cognitive triad according to Beck
Three forms of negative thinking theorized to lead people to feel depressed. Ed consists of a negative view of one's experience, oneself, and the future.
39
what are the two precepts of Martin Seligman's theory of learned helplessness
One they no longer have control over reinforcements or the rewards and punishments in their lives too they themselves are responsible for the selflessness.
40
What are the two characteristics of a negative thought that are said to increase the likelihood of depression according to attribution helplessness theory.
If they attribute present lack of control to some internal cause that is both global and stable. Ex. "I have been inadequate everything and I always will be."
41
What is the artifact theory in prevalence of depression in men and women
Artifact theory holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but clinicians often fail to detect depression in men
42
What are three other theories for gender differences in depression
Hormone theory purports that hormone changes trigger depression in women; life stress theory suggests that women in society are subject to more stress than men; bodies dissatisfaction explanation states that females in a western society are taught to seek low body weight and slender body shape; Lack of control theory purports that may feel less controlled than men over their lives; Rumination theory suggests that women are more likely to ruminate than men.
43
Which demographics are more likely to have recurrence of depression
Hispanic Americans and black Americans are 50% more likely than white Americans.
44
What number of people with bipolar disorder end up committing suicide?
10 to 15%
45
when are People considered to be in a full manic episode?
Went for at least one week they display abnormally high or irritable mode, increased activity or energy, and at least 3 other symptoms of mania.
46
When is somebody considered to be having a hypomanic episode
When the symptoms of mania are less severe.
47
What is bipolar 1 disorder
People have full manic and major depressive episodes; most of them experiencing an alternation of the episodes.
48
What is bipolar 2 disorder
hypomanic (mildly manic) episodes alternate with major depressive episodes
49
When is somebody considered to have rapid cycling bipolar episodes
If a person has four or more episodes within a one year period
50
How many adults suffer from bipolar
One to two point eight percent
51
Is bipolar disorder more common in men or women?
They are equally common in women and men
52
What is the age of onset for bipolar disorder
Between the ages of 15 and 44
53
Who is more likely to have bipolar people with low incomes or people with higher incomes?
People with lower incomes
54
Some people have numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms, what is this disorder known as?
cyclothymic disorder
55
If one identical twin has bipolar disorder what is the likelihood the other twin has bipolar disorder?
40 to 70% likelihood
56
If one family member has bipolar disorder what is the likelihood that close relatives of such persons has this disorder
5 to 10% likelihood
57
Whats the risk of getting the wrong dosage of lithium
Two low dose will have little or no effect on bipolar mood, too high a dose can result in lithium toxicity (vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, etc.)
58
What percentage of people with bipolar improve with a single mood stabilizing drug or a combination of various antipsychotic, anti seizure and mood stabilizing drugs?
60%
59
How is it thought that mood stabilizing drugs affect the brain neurologically
Mood stabilizers appear to affect a neuron secondary messengers increase the production of protein called brain derived neurotrophic factor or they improve the functioning or communication between key structures in the brain.
60
What is the effectiveness of psychotherapy on bipolar disorder; what is the function of psychotherapy with bipolar disorder?
Psychotherapy alone is rarely helpful for people with bipolar disorders. Psychotherapy is used as an adjunct to mood stabilizing drugs; the format being used to emphasize the importance of continuing to take medications and improve areas of life affected by bipolar disorder
61
According to the current evidence which factor best explains the cause of bipolar disorder?
Biological factors
62

Psychological Disorders (3 decks)

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