Chapter 9: Emotion in Relationships and Society

Question 1

Emotional Episode Sharing

Answer 1

up to 96% of emotional episodes are shared
most share on the same day (60%)

Question 2

Attachment

Answer 2

a lasting emotional bond between the individual and a few regular caregivers, and leads to a desire to have the person around, turning to them when threatened, and security and comfort when experiencing novel things with them around
6-9mo

Question 3

Internal Working Model

Answer 3

when in pain, does the person come to help, do nothing, or are they inconsistent

Question 4

Why 6-9mo?

Answer 4

Best guess: crawling has a dire need for the caregiver to assist in navigation

Question 5

Ainsworth and Bowlby’s Strange Situation (6)

Answer 5

1. the child is allowed to play with the caregiver in an unfamiliar room filled with toys
2. the stranger engages with the infant and parent
3. the parent leaves the room for a few minutes, then returns for a few minutes
4. they both leave the room
5. the stranger returns to play with the child
6. the caregiver returns

Question 6

Harlow’s Study

Answer 6

young animals need a secure base to explore, but nothing smothering and nothing too avoidant

Question 7

Feldman’s Study

Answer 7

infants have alternating withdrawal and alertness period, and are most responsive when the caregiver can notice these cues
fathers given oxytocin played more, touched more, and were more attentive to these shifts
at the end, the both the father and the child’s oxytocin levels were elevated

Question 8

Oxytocin

Answer 8

a role in bond forming, skin to skin contact releases it, and it is produced by the birthing parent during contractions and breastfeeding

Question 9

Separation distress

Answer 9

being separated from the caregiver causes a sudden drop in endorphins

Question 10

D’Amato’s Study

Answer 10

mice without the mu endorphin receptor cried.a lot less than those with the receptor when taken from their mothers

Question 11

Barr’s Study

Answer 11

rhesus macaques with enhanced function of the mu endorphin receptor cried longer, louder, and preferred their mother even in the presence of other monkeys

Question 12

DeWall’s Study

Answer 12

high doses of acetaminophen can cause rejection to hurt less, but it also depresses reactions to positive emotions

Question 13

Types of Attachment (3)

Answer 13

Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Avoidant/Anxious-Avoidant

Question 14

Secure

Answer 14

show distress when the parent leaves, not thoroughly consoled by the stranger, easily soothed when parent returns
65% of children

Question 15

Anxious-Ambivalent

Answer 15

show hesitance even with the parent with novelty, don’t explore, and cling to the parent after they’ve left and are harder to console

Question 16

Avoidant

Answer 16

explore on their own, no relief when the caregiver returns
cortisol and heartrate are usually elevated despite calm behaviour

Question 17

Disorganised Attachment

Answer 17

the child is always in distress, even with the caregiver

Question 18

Aron’s Study

Answer 18

people tend to incorporate their partner into themselves; self-expansion
differences are put on the backburner and there is an overestimation of how similar they are

Question 19

Stages of Romantic Attachment

Answer 19

First: passionate love
Second: compassionate love

Question 20

Mikulincer’s Study

Answer 20

flashing cards; secure recognised threat words, avoidant recognised neutral words, and anxious picked proximity words

Question 21

Hazan + Shaver’s Study

Answer 21

paragraphs were made to demonstrate what secure, anxious, and avoidant relationships looked like in adults and the percentage is roughly the same

Question 22

Dimensions of Attachment

Answer 22

• anxiety dimension: negative or positive view of self worth and desirability as a person
• avoidance dimension: positive or negative thoughts about people

Question 23

Fraley + Shaver’s Study

Answer 23

higher anxiety: more upset about departure @ airport
higher avoidance: less physical contact + more avoidance behaviours

Question 24

Carter

Answer 24

animals with long-term pair bonding release more oxytocin and have more vasopressin receptors during sex than counterparts

Question 25

External Psychopathology

Answer 25

impulsivity, rule breaking, violent tendencies, etc basically actions taken because of psych

Question 26

Correlation Over Time

Answer 26

correlation was 0.31 for infant type and adult relationship

Question 27

Simpson et al's Study

Answer 27

developmental trajectory (4) - security, social competence, secure relationship w friends, and emotions in romantic relationships

Question 28

Social Baseline Theory

Answer 28

when with friends, you associate them as having bioenergetic resources!! hill looks smaller, shock less painful, etc

Question 29

Marriage Stats

Answer 29

- 20+ when married - 2 caregivers each - Dated for a long time - Didn't move in together - Good income - of the same religious affiliation (and are religious in the first place) - Have sex often and arguments rarely - Approx same age and same attitude

Question 30

Love Lab Study

Answer 30

couples were separated, talked about their day, then had a conflict conversation - Suppression led to divorce 14 years down the line (low positive emotions and high skin conductance) - Expression of negative emotions led to divorce 7 years down the line w 84% accuracy

Question 31

Gottman's 4

Answer 31

criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling

Question 32

Positivity resonance

Answer 32

positive synchronised nonverbal affiliation cues reports of feeling good IBI linkage

Question 33

Caring for Others (3)

Answer 33

Sympathy (concern attention), compassion, and personal distress

Question 34

Eisenberg's study

Answer 34

elementary school kids and college kids watched a video about a mother and her children, where one had been in a car accident, and they were asked to help - higher regulated attention/behaviour report less personal distress and an activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 35

Nurturant Love

Answer 35

desire to caregive to enhance the wellbeing of what is perceived as a helpless, vulnerable, and/or young being - faster heart rate

Question 36

Emotional empathy

Answer 36

feeling what another person is feeling (physio and psych)

Question 37

Buffering effect

Answer 37

closer friendships and being female are correlated with basically blocking out some of the negative impact of stressors

Question 38

Gratitude

Answer 38

experienced when someone does something that is unexpectedly nice and doesn't expect the person receiving it to return it - showing gratitude may invite the giver to do more

Question 39

Embarrassment

Answer 39

felt when one violates a social norm, attracting unwanted social attention - can diffuse a situation - blushing!

Question 40

Pride

Answer 40

the emotion you feel when you accept credit for causing a positive outcome that supports a positive aspect of your self-concept - chest out, head high, hands over head sometime - pride displays = more likeable