Chapter 9- Emotions

Question 1

what are emotions

Answer 1

feelings or affects triggered in important situations

Question 2

what are emotions controlled by

Answer 2

limbic system
- amygdala and prefontal cortex

Question 3

what are the basic emotions

Answer 3

happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear, interest

Question 4

what emotion develops at one month

Answer 4

smiles- possibly reflex

Question 5

what emotion develops at two-three month

Answer 5

social smiles

Question 6

what emotion develops at 4-6 month

Answer 6

anger

Question 7

what emotion develops at six months

Answer 7

fear, stranger anxiety

Question 8

what are complex or self consicous emotions

Answer 8

pride, shame, guilt, embarrasment, empathy, despair, jealousy

Question 9

when can complex emotions develop

Answer 9

18-24 months when a sense of self develops

Question 10

what is the least understood emotion

Answer 10

disgust

Question 11

psychological change

Answer 11

increase in blood pressure, face flushing red

Question 12

overt behaviours

Answer 12

facial expressions, tone of voice

Question 13

how does language help with understanding emotions

Answer 13

words help distinguish self from others and describe abstract emotional states

Question 14

How do emotions change later in development?

Answer 14

Increased complexity, abstract thinking, emotions like regret and relief appear around age 9

Question 15

How do cultural differences affect emotion expression?

Answer 15

Universally experienced emotions, but expression differs. Asian cultures may encourage restraint; Western cultures may encourage outward expression.

Question 16

When do infants start recognizing emotions?

Answer 16

6 months: distinguish happy from sad faces
12 months: use caregiver’s emotions to decide how to act (social referencing)

Question 17

What are early emotion regulation strategies in infants?

Answer 17

Thumb-sucking, holding a blanket, looking away from unpleasant scenes.

Question 18

How does cognitive development improve emotion regulation?

Answer 18

Attention diversion
reexamination of emotional events

Question 19

What is temperament?

Answer 19

Emotional reactivity and regulation, including categories: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up

Question 20

What is Kagan’s theory of behavioral inhibition?

Answer 20

Some infants show inhibition to the unfamiliar starting at 7–9 months, consistent up to 7 years

Question 21

What are Rothbart’s (2011) 3 dimensions of temperament?

Answer 21

Extraversion/surgency
Negative affect
Effortful control

Question 22

easy child

Answer 22

usually happy, well adjusting, stick to routine
40%

Question 23

difficult child

Answer 23

unhappy, irregular routine, responds intensly
10%

Question 24

slow to warm up child

Answer 24

low activity child, low mood
15%

Question 25

What is the role of heredity in temperament?

Answer 25

MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins; traits like negative affect are more heritable.

Question 26

What is “goodness of fit”?

Answer 26

How well a child’s temperament matches environmental demands; training can help parents adapt

Question 27

What gene is implicated in temperament?

Answer 27

DRD4 gene, associated with attention, motivation, reward; certain variants affect environmental sensitivity

Question 28

What did Kitayama et al. (2014) find about cultural self-perception?

Answer 28

Americans drew themselves largest, Japanese smallest, reflecting independent vs. interdependent values.

Question 29

How do gene x culture interactions shape temperament?

Answer 29

Genes and culture influence orientation (independent vs. interdependent), which shapes emotional development.