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Nutrition Unit 4 > Chapter 9: Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

can fatty acids be converted to glucose

A

NO
cells cannot make glucose from the 2-carbon fatty acid fragment

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2
Q

what are the cells major energy producing organelles

A

mitochondria

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3
Q

what are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. transition reaction
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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4
Q

in the first stage of aerobic respiration - glycolysis - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs with the cytosol
  2. glucose is oxidized to 2 molecules of pyruvate
  3. 2 NADH and 2 ATP are produced
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5
Q

in the second stage of aerobic respiration - transition reaction - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs within mitochondria
  2. pyruvate is further oxidized and joins with coenzyme A to form
  3. acetyl-CoA
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6
Q

in the third stage of aerobic respiration - citric acid cycle - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs within mitochondria
  2. acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle and ATP is formed
  3. carbon dioxide is released as easter when we exhale
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7
Q

in the fourth stage of aerobic respiration - electron transport chain - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs within mitochondria
  2. NADH (from stages 1-3) and FADH (stage 3) give their 2 hydrogens to an oxygen and create
  3. water (H2O)
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8
Q

anabolism =

A

the process of building compounds

REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)

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9
Q

catabolism =

A

the process of breaking down compounds into smaller units

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10
Q

___ is the final electron acceptor in the ETC

A

oxygen

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11
Q

which cells lack mitochondria

A

adipose cells need very little ATP and have fewer mitochondria

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12
Q

which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic metabolism?

A

aerobic metabolism

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13
Q

what is BMR

A

BMR = basal metabolic rate

minimum amount of energy expanded in a fasting state (12 hours or more) to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment

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14
Q

what is RMR

A

resting metabolic rate

when not fasting or completely rested

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15
Q

is RMR higher or lower than BMR

A

RMR is typically 6% higher than BMR

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16
Q

what factors increase BMR

A

greater muscle mass
larger body surface area
male gender
body temp
hyperthyroidism
inc. sympathetic nervous system stimulation
growth
caffeine
tobacco

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17
Q

what factors decrease BMR

A

hypothyroidism
restricted calorie intake
smaller body size
decreases muscle mass
aging after 30 year olds

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18
Q

the BMI formula is

A
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19
Q

the BMI formula is

A

weight X 703 / height squared (in inches)

(divide by height twice)

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20
Q

health BMI range is

A

18.5-24.9

health risks are at 25 and above

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21
Q

when do we NOT use BMI

A

for pregnant/lactating women
children
teens
frail elderly

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22
Q

genes account for a __ to ___% weight difference in people, even identical twins

A

40-70%

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23
Q

what factors affect body weight

A

genetics

thrift gene theory = people with thrifty genes can store energy efficiently and considered desirable when there were famines

set point theory = each body tries to maintain its weight at a certain weight range

environment (family and friends)

aging, estrogen, calories, lifestyle, weight history

disease and disorders

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24
Q

how many steps are there when our body has to use fatty acids to make energy

A

2

step 1: lipolysis

step 2: beta oxidation (AKA fatty acid oxidation)
break down of fatty acids

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25
Q

lipolysis is

A

triglycerides (from the diet or adipose tissue) are broken down into FAs and Glycerol

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26
Q

what hormone is needed for lipolysis?
what stimulates and blocks it?

A

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

  • stimulated by glucagon, growth hormone and epinephrine
  • blocked by insulin
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27
Q

what enzyme takes fatty acids from the cytosol to mitochondria

A

carnitine

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28
Q

which yields more energy: glucose oxidation or beta oxidation

A

beta oxidation

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29
Q

do carbohydrates help burn fatty acids, or are they not involved?

A

they do help burn fatty acids

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30
Q

gluconeogenesis is

A

producing from glucogenic amino acids and other compounds

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31
Q

gluconeogenesis only happens in the __ and ___

A

liver and kidney

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32
Q

when our body gets rid of the amino group it takes off the proteins that are broken down for energy production, what re these amino groups converted to for waste removal?

A

converted to ammonia (NH3)
excreted in the urine

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33
Q

if someone has liver disease, what builds up in the blood because the liver isnt doing its job of waste removal?

A

ammonia can build up to toxic concentrations in the blood

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34
Q

if someone has kidney disease, what builds up in the blood if the kidneys aren’t doing their job of waste removal?

A

the toxic agent is urea

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35
Q

what are 3 components to healthy weight loss?

A
  1. control of eneryg intake
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36
Q

what are 3 components to healthy weight loss?

A
  1. control of energy intake
  2. physical activity
  3. control problem behaviors
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37
Q

how many calories are in one pound of fat

A

3,500

38
Q

what are some strategies to maintaining weight loss

A
  1. eat a lower fat, high carbohydrate diet (fruits, veggies, whole grains)
  2. eat breakfast
  3. self-monitor your eating habits by keeping a food journal
  4. have a physical activity plan
39
Q

what is the most common eating disorder

A

obesity

40
Q

___ is the “currency” of the body

A

energy

41
Q

what are the ways to measure body fat content (5)

A
  1. underwater weighing
  2. air displacement
  3. skinfold thickness
  4. bioelectrical impendence
  5. dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
42
Q

is ATP recycled or used once and then done

A

ATP is recycled
each cell constantly breaking down ATP and rebuilding it

43
Q

what increases ATP, or energy, usage?

A

strenuous exercise

44
Q

what is ketogenesis?

A

production of ketone bodies by incomplete fatty acid oxidation

45
Q

when someone is in ketosis, are they in an anabolic or catabolic state?

A

anabolic because ketone bodies are building up

46
Q

what are some concerns with fad diets?

A
  1. encourage rapid weight loss (not permanent weight loss)
  2. do not encourage behavior change
  3. the weight is lost is usually regained
47
Q

when people stop or greatly restrict carbohydrate intake, the weight loss they see in the first week is usually due to ____

A

lean tissue and water loss

48
Q

what is one hormone imbalance that can cause ketosis?

A

insulin

49
Q

what is the name of the ketone that leaves the body via the lungs, and what gives the person in ketosis a sweet smelling/fruity breath?

A

acetone

50
Q

why are oxidation-reduction reactions important?

A
  • for the breakdown and release of energy from carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol
  • antioxidant defense
51
Q

what does LEO mean

A

in oxidation
LEO = loses electrons oxidation
gains oxygen or loses hydrogen

52
Q

what does GER mean

A

in reduction
GER = gain electron reduction
loses oxygen or gains hydrogen

53
Q

anaerobic vs aerobic respiration… which one uses oxygen?

A

aerobic respiration

54
Q

where are ketone bodies formed when glucose in the body drops?

A

when glucose in the body falls, insulin production also falls
this causes the FAs to flood the blood
the FAs are used to form ketone bodies in the liver

55
Q

where does protein metabolism take place

A

primarily in the liver

56
Q

what is step 1 of protein metabolism called

A

deamination

57
Q

what happens in the first step of protein metabolism

A
  • before an AA can be used for fuel, the amino group must be removed
  • requires vitamin B-6
  • when the amino group is removed, a carbon skeleton is left to enter the citric acid cycle
58
Q

can all amino acids enter the citric acid cycle

A

glucogenic amino acids
pyruvate and acetyl-CoA

59
Q

can all amino acids become glucose

A

glucogenic amino acids can
ketogenic amino acids cannot
all except leucine and isoleucine

60
Q

what things are added up to calculate total energy expenditure

A

BMR + TEF + PA + NEAT
TEF = thermic effect of food
NEAT = non-exercise activity thermogenesis

61
Q

what is a major reason so much of the US is overweight and obese?

A

too many calories consumed and not enough burned

62
Q

the TEF is what?
and it accounts for __ - __% of our energy expenditure for the day?

A

thermic effect of food
- energy the body uses to digest absorb, transport, store, and metabolize the nutrients consumed in the diet
- accounts for 5-10% of the energy expended each day

63
Q

of the 3 macronutrients, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, which has the highest TEF?

A

TEF of protein

64
Q

someone who shakes their leg while sitting would have a higher __ factor considered when calculating their TEF

A

NEAT = non exercise activity thermogenesis

65
Q

glucogenic acids can/cannot become glucose?

A

can

66
Q

ketogenic amino acids can/cannot become glucose?

A

cannot

67
Q

carbohydrates can be used for fatty acid synthesis - true or false

A

true

68
Q

carbohydrates can be used for amino acid synthesis - true or false

A

false

69
Q

amino acids make glucose - true or false

A

true

70
Q

amino acids can make ATP - true or false

A

true

71
Q

can fatty acids be broken down to produce glucose, or are they only converted to ketone bodies when broken down

A

typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose

72
Q

PKU is an inborn error of metabolism in which the body cannot metabolize ___ which is an essential amino acid

A

phenylalanine

73
Q

fasting encourages: 6

A
  1. glycogen breakdown
  2. fat breakdown
  3. gluconeogenesis
  4. blood urea levels increase as protein is broken down
  5. ketone bodies are synthesized
  6. adaptation
74
Q

feasting encourages: 5

A
  1. fat synthesis
  2. insulin production
  3. glycogen synthesis
  4. protein synthesis
  5. urea synthesis
75
Q

2 factors affect our drive to eat:

A

hunger and appetite

76
Q

hunger = ___ drive for food
and controlled by what

A

physiological
controlled by internal body mechanisms (organs, hormones, nervous system)

77
Q

appetite = ___ drive for food
and controlled by what

A

psychological
controlled by external factors (social situation time of day, mood, memories of pleasant tastes, sight of tempting food)

78
Q

what is the “full feeling” called

A

satiety

79
Q

what hormone makes you hungry

A

ghrelin

80
Q

what hormone makes you full

A

leptin

81
Q

the rules of five sand sixes for men and women

A

women
- 100lb + 5lb for every inch over 5 ft
- then + 10lb to get the healthy range

men
- 106lb + 6lb for every inch over 5 ft
- then + 10lb to get the healthy range

82
Q

what is orthorexia

A
  • an eating disorder when you pay too much attention to what you eat and restrict yourself completely
  • obsession with pure foods
83
Q

what organ regulates food intake

A

hypothalamus

84
Q

what hormones help regulate eating behaviors?
know where they are made and what purpose they serve?

A

ghrelin = hungry feeling = hormone made by stomach

leptin = full feeling = protein my adipose, acts like a hormone

85
Q

metabolism =

A

network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life

86
Q

what is formed from oxidation-reduction reactions

A

water

87
Q

ATP produced by 1 molecule of glucose
- glycolysis = __ ATP
- citric acid cycle = __ ATP
- electron transport chain = __ ATP
- total =

A

2
2
28
total = 32

88
Q

___ levels increase from beta-oxidation

A

acetyl-CoA

89
Q

high __ decrease energy-yielding reactions and promote anabolic reactions

A

ATP

90
Q

high __ stimulate energy-yielding reactions and promote catabolic pathways

A

ADP

91
Q

how many pounds are in 1 kilogram

A

2.2

92
Q

calculating BMR

A

pounds / kg
female (x 0.9 kcal per hour) men (x 1.0)
x 24 hours = kcals/day

Nutrition Unit 4 (2 decks)

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