Chapter 9 Eosinophil Granules- Monocytes

Question 1

eosinophils have a circulating half-life of roughly

Answer 1

18 hours

Question 2

the half-life of eosinophils is prolonged when

Answer 2

eosinophilia occurs

Question 3

The tissue destinations of eosinophils under normal circumstances appear to be underlying columnar epithelial surfaces in the

Answer 3

respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts

Question 4

Survival time of eosinophils in human tissues ranges from

Answer 4

2 to 5 days

Question 5

granules move to the plasma membrane, fuse with the plasma membrane, and empty their contents into the extracellular space

Answer 5

classical exocytosis

Question 6

second mechanism in which granules fuse together within the eosinophil before fusing with the plasma membrane

Answer 6

Compound exocytosis

Question 7

third method in which secretory vesicles remove specific proteins from the secondary granules

Answer 7

piecemeal degranulation

Question 8

fourth method of degranulation that occurs when extracellular intact granules are deposited during cell lysis

Answer 8

cytolysis

Question 9

Eosinophils play important roles in

Answer 9

immune regulation

Question 10

Eosinophils transmigrate into the thymus of the newborn and are believed to be involved in the deletion of

Answer 10

double-positive thymocytes

Question 11

capable of acting as antigen presenting cells and promoting the proliferation of effector T cells

Answer 11

Eosinophils

Question 12

Eosinophils are also implicated in the initiation of either type

Answer 12

1 or type 2 immune responses

Question 13

Eosinophils are also important factors in acute and chronic

Answer 13

allograft rejection

Question 14

Eosinophils regulate mast cell function through the release

Answer 14

major basic protein (MBP

Question 15

Eosinophils regulate mast cell function through the release of major basic protein (MBP), which causes mast cell degranulation as well as cytokine production, and they also produce nerve growth factor that promotes mast cell

Answer 15

survival and activation

Question 16

Eosinophil production is increased in infection by

Answer 16

parasitic helminths

Question 17

in vitro studies have found that the eosinophil is capable of destroying tissue-invading helminths through the

Answer 17

secretion of MBP

Question 18

There is also a suggestion that eosinophils play a role in preventing

Answer 18

reinfection

Question 19

hallmark of allergic disorders

Answer 19

eosinophilia

Question 20

eosinophil is one of the causes of airway inflammation and mucosal cell damage through secretion or production of a combination of basic proteins, lipid mediators, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines such as

Answer 20

IL-5

Question 21

Eosinophils have also been implicated in airway remodeling (increase in thickness of the airway wall) through eosinophil derived fibrogenic growth factors, especially in

Answer 21

steroid-resistant asthma

Question 22

Eosinophil accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract
occurs in allergic disorders such as

Answer 22

food allergy, allergic colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

Question 23

are true leukocytes because they mature in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood as mature cells with granules

Answer 23

basophils

Question 24

precursors leave the bone marrow and use the blood as a transit system to gain access to the tissues where they mature

Answer 24

mast cell

Question 25

Basophils are the least numerous of the WBCs, making up between

Answer 25

0% and 2%

Question 26

Basophils are derived from progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen, where they differentiate under the influence of a number of cytokines, including

Answer 26

IL-3 and TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin)

Question 27

Two basophil populations are identified: The type of mediator response is determined by the balance between these two populations.

Answer 27

IL-3 elicited basophils that are immunoglobulin E (IgE) dependent and non-IgE dependent TSLP elicited basophils

Question 28

round to somewhat lobulated nuclei with only slightly condensed chromatin.

Answer 28

Immature basophils

Question 29

Immature basophils cytoplasm is blue and contains

Answer 29

large blue-black secondary granules

Question 30

may or may not be seen

Answer 30

Primary azure granules

Question 31

Basophil granules are water soluble and therefore may be dissolved if the blood film is

Answer 31

washed too much during the staining process

Question 32

contain a lobulated nucleus that is often obscured by its granules

Answer 32

Mature basophils

Question 33

colorless and contains large numbers of the characteristic large blue-black granules

Answer 33

Mature basophils cytoplasm

Question 34

Mature basophils often leave a reddish-purple rim surrounding what appears to be a

Answer 34

vacuole

Question 35

This life span of basophils is relatively longer than that of the other granulocytes,

Answer 35

60 hours

Question 36

poorly understood because of their very small numbers

Answer 36

Basophil kinetics

Question 37

This has been attributed to the fact that when they are activated by

Answer 37

IL-3 and IL-25

Question 38

initiated that prolong the basophil life span

Answer 38

antiapoptotic pathways

Question 39

basophils were regarded as ________ of mast cells and minor players in allergic inflammation because, like mast cells, they have IgE receptors on their surface membranes that, when cross-linked by antigen, result in granule release

Answer 39

poor relatives

Question 40

Basophils functions in both ___________________ immunity

Answer 40

innate and adaptive

Question 41

Basophils are capable of releasing large quantities of subtype 2 helper T cell cytokines such as

Answer 41

IL-4 and IL-13 that regulate the TH2 immune response

Question 42

Basophils also induce B cells to synthesize

Answer 42

IgE

Question 43

effectors of IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation

Answer 43

mast cells

Question 44

basophils function as ____ of the allergic inflammation through the release of preformed cytokines

Answer 44

initiators

Question 45

basophils can be induced to produce a mediator of allergic inflammation known as

Answer 45

granzyme B

Question 46

Mast cells can induce basophils to produce and release

Answer 46

retinoic acid

Question 47

retinoic acid, a regulator of immune and resident cells in

Answer 47

allergic diseases

Question 48

Basophils also play a role in angiogenesis through the expression of

Answer 48

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors

Question 49

basophils are involved in the control of helminth infections by enclosing toxic egg products with

Answer 49

granulomas and preventing tissue damage

Question 50

not considered to be leukocytes

Answer 50

Mast cells

Question 51

tissue effector cells of allergic responses and inflammatory reactions

Answer 51

Mast cells

Question 52

A brief description of their development and function is included here because

Answer 52

(1) their precursors circulate in the peripheral blood for a brief period on their way to their tissue destinations, (2) mast cells have several phenotypic and functional similarities with both basophils and eosinophils

Question 53

originate from the bone marrow and spleen

Answer 53

Mast cell progenitors (MCPs)

Question 54

The progenitors are then released to the blood before finally reaching tissues such as the, where they mediate their actions.

Answer 54

intestine and lung

Question 55

major cytokine responsible for mast cell maturation and differentiation is

Answer 55

KIT ligand (stem cell factor)

Question 56

Mast cells function as effector cells in allergic reactions through the release of a wide variety of: as a result of cross-linking of IgE on the mast cell surface by specific allergens

Answer 56

lipid mediators, proteases, proteoglycans and cytokines

Question 57

Mast cells can also be activated independently of IgE, which leads to

Answer 57

inflammatory reactions

Question 58

Mast cell can function as antigen-presenting cells to induce the differentiation of TH2 cells73; therefore mast cells act as mediators in both

Answer 58

innate and adaptive immunity

Question 59

Mast cells act as immunologic ___________ because of their location in mucosal surfaces and their role in barrier function.

Answer 59

“gatekeepers”

Question 60

make up between 2% and 11% of circulating leukocytes, with an absolute number of up to 1.3 X 10 to the power of 9 /L

Answer 60

Monocytes

Question 61

Monocyte development is similar to neutrophil development because both cell types are derived from the

Answer 61

GMP

Question 62

the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation of monocytes

Answer 62

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Question 63

The morphologic stages of monocyte development are:

Answer 63

monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes

Question 64

normal bone marrow are very rare and are difficult to distinguish from myeloblasts based on morphology

Answer 64

Monoblasts

Question 65

12 to 18 "m in diameter, and their nucleus is slightly indented or folded. The chromatin pattern is delicate, and at least one nucleolus is apparent

Answer 65

Promonocytes

Question 66

Monocytes appear to be larger than neutrophils because they tend to stick to and spread out on glass or plastic

Answer 66

(diameter of 15 to 20 "m)

Question 67

Monocytes are slightly immature cells whose ultimate goal is to enter the tissues and mature into

Answer 67

macrophages, osteoclasts, or dendritic cells

Question 68

Monocytes nucleus may be round, oval, or kidney shaped but more often is deeply indented or folded on itself

Answer 68

(horseshoe shaped)

Question 69

Monocytes chromatin pattern is looser than in the other leukocytes and has sometimes been described as

Answer 69

lace-like or stringy

Question 70

Monocytes cytoplasm is blue-gray, with fine azure granules often referred to as

Answer 70

azure dust or a ground-glass appearance

Question 71

Monocytes Small cytoplasmic pseudopods or ______ may be seen

Answer 71

blebs

Question 72

The promonocyte pool consists of approximately

Answer 72

6 X 10 to the power of 8 cells/kg, and they produce 7 X10 to the power of 6 monocytes/kg per hour

Question 73

Under normal circumstances, promonocytes undergo two mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce a total of

Answer 73

four monocytes

Question 74

There is no storage pool of mature monocytes in the bone marrow, and unlike neutrophils, monocytes are released immediately into the circulation upon maturation. Therefore, when the bone marrow recovers from marrow failure, monocytes are seen in the peripheral blood before neutrophils and a relative monocytosis may occur

Answer 74

Monocyte/Macrophage Kinetics

Question 75

resides in the subcapsular red pulp of the spleen. Monocytes in this splenic reservoir appear to respond to tissue injury such as myocardial infarction by migrating to the site of tissue injury to participate in wound healing.

Answer 75

immature monocytes

Question 76

Like neutrophils, monocytes in the peripheral blood can be found in a

Answer 76

marginal pool and a circulating pool

Question 77

In areas of inflammation or infection (inflammatory macrophages) As “resident” macrophages in:

Answer 77

* Liver (Kupffer cells) * Lungs (alveolar macrophages) * Brain (microglia) * Skin (Langerhans cells) * Spleen (splenic macrophages) * Intestines (intestinal macrophages) * Peritoneum (peritoneal macrophages) * Bone (osteoclasts) * Synovial macrophages (type A cell) * Kidneys (renal macrophages) * Reproductive organ macrophages * Lymph nodes (dendritic cells)

Question 78

Monocytes remain in the circulation approximately

Answer 78

3 days

Question 79

Macrophages can be as large as

Answer 79

40 to 50 "m in diameter

Question 80

Macrophages usually have an oval nucleus with a

Answer 80

net-like (reticulated) chromatin pattern

Question 81

Macrophages cytoplasm is pale, often vacuolated, and often filled with debris of

Answer 81

phagocytized cells or organisms

Question 82

The life span of macrophages in the tissues depends on whether they are responding to inflammation or infection, or they are “resident” macrophages such as

Answer 82

Kupffer cells or alveolar macrophages

Question 83

Kupffer cells have a life span of approximately

Answer 83

21 days

Question 84

Inflammatory macrophages, on the other hand, have a life span measured in

Answer 84

hours

Question 85

Functions of monocytes/macrophages are numerous and varied. They can be subdivided into

Answer 85

innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and housekeeping functions

Question 86

Monocytes/macrophages recognize a wide range of bacterial pathogens by means of pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptors) that stimulate inflammatory cytokine production and phagocytosis

Answer 86

Innate immunity

Question 87

can synthesize nitric oxide, which is cytotoxic against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumor cells. Monocytes and macrophages also have Fc receptors and complement receptors

Answer 87

Macrophages

Question 88

have Fc receptors and complement receptors. Hence, they can phagocytize foreign organisms or materials that have been coated with antibodies or complement components.

Answer 88

Monocytes and macrophages

Question 89

Both macrophages and dendritic cells degrade antigen and present antigen fragments on their surfaces (antigen-presenting cells). Because of this, they interact with and activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

Answer 89

Adaptive immunity

Question 90

most efficient and potent of the antigen-presenting cells

Answer 90

Dendritic cells

Question 91

These include removal of debris and dead cells at sites of infection or tissue damage, destruction of senescent red blood cells and maintenance of a storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis, and synthesis of a wide variety of proteins, including coagulation factors, complement components, interleukins, growth factors, and enzymes.

Answer 91

Housekeeping functions