chapter 9 glossary

Question 1

Gene pool

Answer 1

the complete set of alleles present within a particular population

all alleles at all loci in a particular population (a particular habitat)

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

a selection of DNA that carries the code to make protein

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same location `

Question 4

Allele frequency

Answer 4

the proportion of certain alleles in gene pool

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

the genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

the physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are the result of the gene expression and the environment

Question 7

Genetic diversity

Answer 7

the variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population

Question 8

Mutation

Answer 8

a change to a DNA sequence

Question 9

Mutagen

Answer 9

an agent that can cause mutations in DNA

Question 10

Deleterious mutation

Answer 10

a change in DNA that negatively effects an individual

Question 11

Germline

Answer 11

a cell involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

Question 12

Somatic cell

Answer 12

any cell in an organism that is not a germline cell

Question 13

Point mutation

Answer 13

a mutation that alters a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

Question 14

Block mutation

Answer 14

a mutation that effects a large chunk of DNA, or an entire gene

Question 15

Silent mutation

Answer 15

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. therefore there is no effect of the protein structure

Question 16

Missense mutation

Answer 16

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon and coding for a different amino acid. therefore, there can potentially be an effect on protein structure

Question 17

Nonsense mutation

Answer 17

a mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon to a stop codon, prematurely ceasing translation of the gene’s mRNA therefore, there is an effect on protein structure

Question 18

Frameshift mutation

Answer 18

a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, altering every codon from that point forward

Question 19

Degenerate

Answer 19

a property of the genetic code which means that a

Question 20

Reading frame

Answer 20

the order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into a consecutive, non-overlapping sequence

Question 21

Environmental selection pressure

Answer 21

a factor in the environment that impacts an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

Question 22

Competition

Answer 22

interactions between organisms in which both are negatively impacted when vying for the same limited resource. can exist within or between species

Question 23

Natural selection

Answer 23

a mechanism through which organisms are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles

Question 24

Biological fitness

Answer 24

the specimen’s ability to reproduce and generate viable offspring. Essentially, the fitness of the individual is based on its ability to pass genetic information on to the next generation, as opposed to any physical characteristic or trait.

Question 25

Selective advantage

Answer 25

an organism conferred a beneficial allele, which increases its chances of survival against a specific environmental selection pressure

Question 26

Evolution

Answer 26

the change in the genetic makeup of a population over successive generations

Question 27

Genetic Drift

Answer 27

a dramatic event that dramatically alters a population's gene pool chance events that create an unpredictable change in alleles frequencies from generation to generation in small populations - bottleneck effect - founder effect

Question 28

Bottleneck effect

Answer 28

the reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a large proportion of the population is removed due to a chance event the size of a population id severely reduced (ie.flood famine) and the few survivors are, by chance, unrepresentative of the original population, dramatically changing the allele frequencies and limiting the genetic diversity.

Question 29

Founder effect

Answer 29

the reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a population in derived from a small unrepresentative sample sample of the original population. rare alleles occur in high frequency in population isolated from the general population as a result of a small sample of founding individuals who were, by chance, not represented in the original population.

Question 30

Unrepresentative sample

Answer 30

a small selection of individuals from a larger group that does not reflect the characteristics of the larger group

Question 31

Inbreeding

Answer 31

sexual reproduction of two related individuals

Question 32

Adaptive potential

Answer 32

the ability fir a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures

Question 33

Interbreeding

Answer 33

when two individuals living in different populations mate and have offspring

Question 34

Immigration

Answer 34

the movement into a population

Question 35

Emigration

Answer 35

the movement of a population

Question 36

Gene flow

Answer 36

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration or interbreeding individuals between two populations

Question 37

Species

Answer 37

a group of individuals who are able to breed with each other and produce viable fertile offspring

Question 38

Allopatric speciation

Answer 38

the geographic separation of a population from a parent population resulting in the formation of a new species

Question 39

Sympatric speciation

Answer 39

the divergence of a species from an original species without the presence of a geographical barrier

Question 40

Viable

Answer 40

able to survive

Question 41

Fertile

Answer 41

the ability to produce an offspring

Question 42

Geographical barrier

Answer 42

a physical factor that prevents gene flow, and thereby stops two population

Question 43

Polyploidy

Answer 43

when an organism contains additional sets of chromosomes in its genome

Question 44

Aneuploidy

Answer 44

Having missing or extra chromosomes

Question 45

Selective breeding

Answer 45

the changing of a populations gene pool due to humans altering breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait , also known as artificial selection

Question 46

Artificial selection

Answer 46

selective breeding , the changing of a population's gene pool due to humans humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait

Question 47

Antimicrobial agent

Answer 47

an agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms. includes antiseptics, disinfectants, disinfectants, antifungals, antivirals, and antibacterials

Question 48

Antimicrobial resistance

Answer 48

the ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent

Question 49

Bacterial conjugation

Answer 49

the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material by direct cell-cell contact

Question 50

Virulence

Answer 50

the potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm

Question 51

Antigenic drift

Answer 51

small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

Question 52

Antigenic shift

Answer 52

sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens.

Question 53

Viral recombination

Answer 53

the combination of surface antigens from two or more different strains of a virus to form a completely new virus subtype

Question 54

Epidemic

Answer 54

a dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time

Question 55

Pandemic

Answer 55

an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents