Chapter 9. Joints

Question 1

List the 4 structural classifications of joints. What are each of their functional classifications

Answer 1

Bony → synostosis (immovable)
Fibrous → synarthrosis (barely moveable)
Cartilaginous → amphiarthrosis (limited movement)
Synovial → diarthrosis (highly moveable)

Question 2

What is a bony joint? Where can it occur?

Answer 2

immovable joint formed when the space between 2 bones ossifies and 2 bones fuse into a single bone
fibrous or cartilaginous joint

Question 3

List the 3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 3

Suture- immovable joint which short collagen fibrous of the skull each other
gomphosis- fibrouse joint at which 2 bones are bound by long college
syndesmosis- fibrous joint at fibrous

Question 4

List the 2 types of cartilaginous joints. What type of cartilage is found in each? Be able to identify each from an image or description

Answer 4

Synchondrosis→ joined by hyaline cartilage
Symphysis→ 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage

Question 5

Which joints are the most familiar, structurally complex, and most likely to develop painful dysfunction?

Answer 5

Diarthosis joints (most are freely moveable)

Question 6

List and describe the 4 general structures of synovial joints?

Answer 6

Articular cartilage → layer of hyaline cartilage covering the facing surface of two bones
Joint cavity → separates articular surfaces
Synovial fluid → slippery lubricant in joint cavity
Joint capsule → connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid​

Question 7

Compare an articular disc to a meniscus.

Answer 7

Articular disc → pad crosses the entire joint capsule
Meniscus → crescent-moon pad doesn’t cross joint entirely

Question 8

Compare multiaxial, monoaxial, and biaxial joints.

Answer 8

Multiaxial → shoulder joints have 3 degrees of freedom
Monoaxial → move freely in one plane
biaxial→movement in two planes

Question 9

Be able to categorize the 6 synovial joint types as one of these.

Answer 9

1. Ball and socket joints
2. Condylar joints (ellipsoid)
3. Saddle joints
4. Plane (gliding) joints
   5.Hinge joints
   6.Pivot joints

Question 10

Identify examples of the 6 classes of synovial joints

Answer 10

Ball and socket joints → Coxal joint (Hip)
Condylar joints (ellipsoid) →radiocarpal join
Saddle joints →trapeziometacarpal (opposable thumbs )
Plane joints (gliding)→ between carpal bone of wrist
Hinge joints →tibiofemoral (knee)
Pivot joints → atlantoaxial joints (C1 & C2)

Question 11

What is the most common displacement of the shoulder joint?

Answer 11

anterior dislocation anterior displacement of the humerus) account for over 95% of cases

Question 12

what joint is the annular ligament found in?

Answer 12

Elbow

Question 13

What is the most complex diarthrosis of the body? What class of synovial joint is it?

Answer 13

The tibiofemoral joint (knee) classified as a hinge joint

Question 14

List the 2 extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 14

fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligament- Prevents knee rotating when extended

Question 15

List the 2 intracapsular ligaments of the knee. Which one prevents hyperextension?

Answer 15

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevetents prevents hyperextension and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Question 16

Which structures of the knee are most commonly injured?

Answer 16

Menisci and anterior cruciate (ACL)

Question 17

What is the title of a physician who treats arthritis/joint disorders?

Answer 17

Rheumatologists

Question 18

Define arthroplasty

Answer 18

Replacement of diseased joint with artificial joint prosthesis

Question 19

Compare the 3 types of arthritis.

Answer 19

Osteoarthritis → most common, related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis → severe arthritis caused by autoimmune attack against joint tissue
Gouty arthritis → characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints