Chapter 9 - Judgement and Reasoning Flashcards
(21 cards)
reasoning
cognitive processes by which people start with info and come to conclusions that go beyond that info
deductive reasoning
conclusions necessarily follows from the premises
syllogisms
two broad statements called premises
third statement called conclusion
categorical syllogisms
describe relationship between two categories using all no or some
validity
a syllogism is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its two premises
evaluation
production
- ask people of conclusion follows logically from presises
- ask people to indicate what logically follows from premises
atmosphere effect
-if both premises and the conclusion all use the same descriptor (all no some) then people tend to say the syllogism is valid
belief bias
if syllogism is true or agrees with a person’s beliefs, more likely to be judged valid
-if syllogism is false or disagrees with a person’s beliefs, more liekly to be judged not valid
conditional syllgosims
if p then q
p = antecedent
q = consequent
falsification principle
- to test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule
- when problem is stated in concrete everyday terms, correct response greatly increase
pragmatic reasoning schema
permission schema
thinking about cause and effect in the world as part of experiencing everyday life
-if A is satisfied, B can be carried out
inductive reasoning
- premises are based on observation
- we generalize from these cases to conclusions with varying degrees of certainty
- conclusions are probably true not definitely true
Heuristics
rules of thumb, generally fast and efficient
-typically provide the correct answer but can fail
availability heuristic
events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable than those less easily remembered
Representativeness heuristic
the probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B
confirmation bias
-tendency to selectively look for info that conforms to our hypothesis and overlook info that argues against it
framing effect
the framing of a decision in terms of gains/losses can affect our evaluation of options and choices
extremeness aversion
people prefer to avoid extreme options
-adding a more extreme option to a set of choices can make other options more attractive
risk aversion and risk seeking
- people are risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses
- decisions tend to be considered independently thus a combo of multiple seemingly reasonable decisions can lead to an unreasonable result
ambiguity aversion
people generally prefer situations where they know the particular probability of winning (risk) to situations wehre they dont know (ambiguity)
mental accounting
-when making decisions people dont tend to think about the overall value involved, rather they think about value in separate mental accounts
