Chapter 9-Learning Flashcards
What is behaviorism?
An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior(or behavioral potential) due to experience.
What is conditioning?
A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses.
What is an unconditioned stimulus(US)?
The classical conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.
What is an unconditioned response(UR)?
The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.
What is a conditioned stimulus(CS)?
The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a conditioned response(CR)?
The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is classical conditioning?
The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
What is extinction?
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
What is higher-order conditioning?
In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
What is stimulus generalization?
After conditioning the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR.
What is stimulus discrimination?
The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR.
What is counterconditioning?
In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.
What is operant conditioning?
The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.
What is reinforcement?
The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.
What is punishment?
The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.
What is a primary reinforcer?
A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food.
What is a primary reinforcer?
A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforces.
What is a secondary punisher?
A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers.
What is positive reinforcement?
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.
What is negative reinforcement?
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.
What is extinction?
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
