Chapter 9: muscular system Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
mus
A
mouse
2
Q
skeletal muscle
A
striated, voluntary, found in the viscera.
3
Q
smooth muscle
A
non- striated, involuntary
4
Q
cardiac muscle
A
striated, involuntary, found only in the heart.
5
Q
viscera
A
organs
6
Q
intercalated discs
A
cardiac muscle cells are long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions; promotes rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart.
7
Q
smooth muscle tone
A
helps maintain blood pressure
8
Q
fascia
A
tough connective tissue
9
Q
epimysium
A
outer layer of the fascia
10
Q
perimysium
A
another layer of fascia that surrounds small bundles of muscle fibers
11
Q
fascicles
A
bundles of muscle fibers
12
Q
endomysium
A
connective layer that surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers
13
Q
tendon
A
the muscle attaches to the bone
14
Q
compartment/crush syndrome
A
crush to the muscle it can result in deprivation of oxygen and nourishment , the muscle and nerves begin to die.
15
Q
aponeurosis
A
fascia that connects muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
16
Q
sarcolemma
A
muscle membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers
17
Q
transverse tubules (T tubules)
A
the cell membrane forms this through deep penetration into the interior muscle fibers
18
Q
myofibrils
A
muscle fibers that are composed of long cylindrical structures
19
Q
sarcomeres
A
myofibrils are made up of a series of contractile units
20
Q
thin filament is composed of
A
two proteins called actin and the troponin-tropomyosin complex
21
Q
Actin contains what?
A
binding sites for they myosin
22
Q
thick myosin fulaments
A
are myosin heads
23
Q
somatic motor nerve
A
the nerve that supplies the skeletal muscle
24
Q
motor nerurons
A
a motor nerve, composed of many nerve cells
25
motor unit
consist of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that are supplied by the motor neuron.
26
recruitment
activation of additional motor units
27
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
is the area where the motor neuron meets the muscle
28
neurotransmitter
what vesicles (membrane pouches), are filled with; its a chemical substance
29
the neurotransmitter for NMJ is what?
acetylcholine (ACh)
30
what happens to ACh?
its released from the vesicles into the space between the neuron and the muscle membrane
31
what enzyme destroys the ACh?
acetylocholinesterase (cholinesterase)
32
myasthenia gravis
extreme muscle weakness; a disease that affects the NMJ; damaged receptor sites on the muscle membrane
33
myasthenia means?
muscle weakness
34
Curare
a drug classified as a skeletal muscle blocker
35
clostridum tetani
s bacterium that secretes a neurotoxin that causes excessive firing of motor nerves.
36
neurotoxins
are chemical substances that are in some way disrupt normal function of the nervous system
37
lockjaw is from what?
clostridium tetani
38
costriduium botulinum
bacteria that appears when food isn't processed properly
39
botulism
a very serious form of food posioning
40
spastic paralysis
state of continuous contraction
41
flaccid paralysis
a state in which the muscles are limp and unable to contract
42
twitch
a single electrical stimulus is delivered to a muscle fiber, the fiber contracts then fully relaxes
43
recruitment
allows the whole muscle to vary its force of contraction
44
tonus is also referred to as
muscle tone
45
Muscle tone/tonus
refers to a normal continuous state of partial muscle contraction
46
myoglobin
is an oxygen-carrying protein found in the muscle fibers
47
muscle fatigue
the inability of a muscle to contract forcefully following prolonged activity
48
origin
the muscle attaches to the stationary bone
49
insertion
attaches to the more moveable bone
50
prime mover
the chief muscle/main muscle
51
synergists
work with other muscles/ also called helper muscles
52
antagonists
are muscles that oppose the action of another muscle
53
hypertrophy
overused muscles increase in size.
54
atrophy
muscles are not used, they'll waste away or increase in size
55
disuse atrophy
lack of exercise cause muscles to atrophy. ex. leg in cast
56
denervation atrophy
when nerves to the muscle are severed, which can cause atrophy
57
senile atrophy
atrophy with age/time.
58
contracture
is an abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle. it :freezes" the muscle in a flexed position, restricts joint mobility.
59
vastus
huge
60
maximus
large
61
minimus
small
62
brevis
short
63
longus
long
64
deltoid
triangular
65
latissimus
wide
66
trapezius
trapezoid
67
rhomboideous
rhomboid
68
teres
round
69
rectus
straight
70
oblique
diagonal
71
transverse
across
72
circularis
circular
73
pectoarlis
chest
74
gluteus
buttock
75
brachii
arm
76
supra
above
77
infra
below
78
sub
underneath
79
lateralis
lateral
80
biceps
2
81
triceps
3
82
quadriceps
4
83
frontalis
flat muscle that covers the frontal bone. it makes the eyebrows move
84
orbicularis oculi
is a sphincter muscle that encircles the eyes
85
sphincter
a ring shaped muscle that controls the size of an opening
86
levator palpebrae superioris
the muscle elevates the eyelid
87
orbicularis oris
is a sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth; assists in closing mouth, forming words.
88
buccinator
a muscle that requires compression of cheeks, sucking, whistling, and playing the trumpet.
89
zygomaticus
a smiling muscle
90
platysma
pouting muscle
91
mastication
chewing
92
massester
closes the jaw with help from temporalis muscle
93
sternocleidomastoid
extends from sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone in the skull
94
torticollis/wryneck
muscle spasm caused by the contraction of one muscle cause the head to rotate forward the opposite direction.
95
scalene
these three muscles help flex the nexk
96
intercostal muscles
are located between the rubs
97
diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle. chief muscle of inhalation, breathing in phase of respiration.
98
rectus abdominis
run in a up and down or longitudinal direction
99
external oblique
make up lateral walls of the abdomen. fibers run obliquely/ slanted
100
internal oblique
these abdominal muscles form a criss-cross pattern
101
transverse abdominis
these abdominal muscles run across/horizontally
102
TIRE
transversus
internal
rectus
external
103
linea alba
extends from sternum to the pubic bone
104
erector spinae
extends the length of the vertebral columnfrom the sacrum to the cranium
105
serratus anterior
sides of the chest and extends from the upper ribs to the scapula
106
latissimus dorsi
a large broad muscle located in the middle and lower back region
107
deltoid
rounded portion of shoulder blade
108
teres major
a long round muscle that has its origin on the scapula and inserts on the humerus
109
rotator cuff muscles
group of 4 muscles that attach the humerus to the scapula
110
rotator cuff muscles names
subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
111
impingement syndrome/ rotator cuff injury
caused by repetitive overhead motions. common among swimmers, and pitchers
112
carpal tunnel syndrome
caused my repetitive motion of the hand and fingers; causes inflamed tissues
113
cramp
a painful involuntary, skeletal muscle contraction
114
fibromyositis
charley horse; refers to pain and tenderness in the fibromusclar tissue of the thighs; caused by strain or muscle tear
115
flatfoot
abnormal flatness of the sole and the arch of the foot
116
frozen shoulder
shoulder become stiff and painful.
117
hypertonia
increased muscle tone causing spasticity or rigidity
118
myalgia
pain or tenderness of the muscles
119
myopathy
any disease not associated with the nervous system
120
plantar fasciitis
inflammation at the heel bone
