Chapter 9: Nutrition Effects of cancer treatment +Medications (2021) Flashcards
(94 cards)
What is medical oncology?
Cancer treatment using chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and hormone therapy
Factors that effect recommended treatment
The type of cancer, tumor size, location and any metastasis, age and general health of the patient, medical and social history, comorbid conditions, previous cancer treatments, genetic testing, cancer pharmacogenomics.
What is chemotherapy?
It is the use of chemical agents or drugs to systemically kill cancer cells.
T/F: Chemotherapy has a cytotoxic effect on all cells (both healthy and malignant).
True
Which cells have rapid turnover and more more susceptible to the effects of chemotherapy?
bone marrow (blood cells), hair follicles, gonads (ovaries and testes) and gastrointestinal mucosa (mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines)
T/F: Chemotherapy interferes with cell division and therefore leads to cell death?
True
T/F: Slow growing cells are less responsive to the effects of chemo?
True
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
G0-resting phase (cells are not dividing)
G1-postmitotic phase (cells synthesize DNA and protein)
S-synthesis phase (DNA is synthesized)
G2-premitotic phase (cells prepare to divide)
m-mitotic phase (cells divide into 2 daughter cells)
What are cell cycle nonspecific agents?
Agents that damage cells in all phases of the cell cycle.
Examples of cell cycle nonspecific agents.
Alkylating agents
Antitumor metabolites
Hormone therapy
Nitrosoureas
What are cell cycle specific agents?
Agents that exert their effect within a specific phase of the cell cycle.
Examples of cell cycle specific agents.
Antimetabolites (s phase)
Camptothecins (s phase)
Plant alkaloids and Taxans (m phase)
What impacts the amount of side effects a person experiences?
personal health history the amount of the agent given the way it is delivered the length of time it is given other agents / drugs that may have been previously given
T/F: Patients generally recover from chemotherapy quickly once treatment has stopped.
False. It can take weeks, months and even years of the side effects to resolve.
Which organs are most likely to receive permanent damage from chemotherapy?
Lungs, heart, liver, kidney, reproductive organs, nerves, bone marrow
What is personalized medicine?
Also called “recision medicine”. It uses a patient’s genetic info to prevent, diagnose or treat cancer.
T/F: Knowing if a person has a genetic mutation helps guide the oncologist in customizing certain treatments that may be more effective.
True
What is an example of personalized medicine?
Genetic testing for the genetic variation that causes a reduction in the enzyme DPD which is needed to metabolize 5-FU. If someone has this variation, 5-FU would not be given because it could cause life-threatening side effects.
What is targeted therapy?
The use of drugs that are specific to a type of tumor or they concentrate on the genetic change. They target specific genes or proteins found on the cancer cell. Or it acts on the tissue environment related to cancer cell growth/survival (blood supply).
What are examples of targeted therapy?
monoclonal antibodies
immune checkpoint inhibitors
small molecule drugs
What do monoclonal antibodies do?
Target specific receptors on the cell surface then activate pathways within the tumor cell to disrupt call function and cause apoptosis.
What are side effects of monoclonal antibodies?
Fever, chills, hives, flushing, fatigue, headache, N/V, mouth sores, diarrhea, reduced appetite, dyspnea (labored breathing), rash, hand-foot syndrome
What do immune checkpoint inhibitors do?
They block pathways and stop / slow cancer growth.
What do small molecule drugs do?
Protein-targeted agents that use small molecules use small molecules that penetrate malignant cell membranes to interact with specific areas of the targeted protein. They disrupt cell function and cause apoptosis.
