Chapter 9 Part 1

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Process that influences goal- directed behaviour (eg. Direction, Persistence, Vigour)

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

predisposition to behave a certain way
to certain stimuli

Question 3

Instinct Theory

Answer 3

Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution
1. Seeking 2. Anger 3. Fear 4. Grief

Is an inherited predisposition to behave in a specific and predictable way when exposed to a particular stimulus
* Have a genetic basis
* Found universally among all members of the species
* DO NOT depend on learning, and have survival value for the organism

Question 4

Instinct Theory 2.0

Answer 4

Modern View:
*Motives based on evolution
*Genes that increase chances…
* Motivated to engage in behaviors that promote
survival advantages`

Question 5

Drive Theory

Answer 5

Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives

Question 6

Drives

Answer 6

States of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension

Question 7

Homeostasis

Answer 7

Internal physiological equilibrium
Sensors Response System Control Centre

Question 8

Incentive

Answer 8

*Incentive: A thing that motivates or encourages an organism to do something
*e.g., good grades, food *Drive theory = “push”
*Incentives = “pull”

Question 9

Push and Pull =

Answer 9

Biological Drive Reduction

Question 10

Push and Pull =

Answer 10

Biological Drive Reduction

Question 11

Expectancy × value theory

Answer 11

Goal-directed behaviours driven by:
1. Strength of expectation
2. Value of goal
Motivation = expectancy x incentive value

Question 12

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 12

*Perform activity for its own sake

Question 13

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 13

Perform activity for reward or avoid punishment

Question 14

Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 14

Believed that psychology’s other perspectives ignored a key motive
* Our striving for personal growth

Says Most behavior from
*Unconscious impulses
*Psychological defenses
*Strongest drives = sex and aggression

Question 15

Deficiency needs (Psychodynamic Theory)

Answer 15

Concerned with physical and social survival

Question 16

Growth needs (Psychodynamic Theory)

Answer 16

Uniquely human and motivate us to develop our potential

Question 17

Need hierarchy (Psychodynamic Theory)

Answer 17

A progression of needs containing deficiency needs at the bottom and growth needs at the top

Question 18

Self-actualization (Psychodynamic Theory)

Answer 18

Represents the need to fulfill our potential, and it is the ultimate human motive

Question 19

Humanistic Theory

Answer 19

Peep graph (Abraham Maslow)

Question 20

Self-determination Theory

Answer 20

*Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (1985, 2009) *Three fundamental psychological needs
1.Competence
* Need to master new challenges
2.Autonomy
* Action is result of free choice
3.Relatedness
*Form meaningful bonds

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

Rate at which body uses energy (calories)

Question 22

Basal Metabolism

Answer 22

“Resting” metabolism = 2/3 of normal energy use

Question 23

Homeostatic

Answer 23

mechanisms help regulate eating,
Eating NOT necessarily linked to immediate energy needs

Question 24

Set Point

Answer 24

Biologically determined standards around which fat mass is regulated
*Homeostatic mechanisms alter energy utilization and hunger to return us close to our original weight

Question 25

Signals that Start a Meal

Answer 25

*Stomach contractions correspond to feelings of hunger *Hunger is experienced even if nerves from stomach to brain are severed

Question 26

What’s driving hunger?

Answer 26

Pattern of increase and decrease in blood glucose levels *Liver converts stored nutrients into glucose *Blood glucose levels rise, drops signals of hunger *Changes in supply of glucose provide signals that help brain regulate hunger

Question 27

Stomach and intestinal distention

Answer 27

Cholecystokinin ((CCK) (a peptide)) and other peptides released by small intestine into bloodstream, travel to brain, decreases hunger

Question 28

Ghrelin

Answer 28

Levels highest just before a meal (peptide), increases hunger

Question 29

Leptin

Answer 29

Hormones secreted by fat cells, long term signal that decreases hunger

Question 30

Hypothalamus

Answer 30

Hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and body temperature

Question 31

Reinforcements of Hunger

Answer 31

*Positively reinforced by good tastes *Negatively reinforced by hunger reduction *Expectations for both

Question 32

Pressures for thinness

Answer 32

*Cultural standards of beauty *Overestimation of thinness for attractiveness *Peter Paul Rubens’s painting *Three Graces

Question 33

Objectification Theory

Answer 33

*Viewing body as object *Throughout much of Western history *A full-bodied woman’s figure was esteemed *Actress Lillian Russell

Question 34

Obesity

Answer 34

Genetic Influences: * Metabolism Environmental Influences: * Inexpensive poor-quality food * “Supersizing” * Decreased activity

Question 35

Sexual Motivation

Answer 35

* Desire to reproduce * Obtain and give sensual pleasure * Express love and intimacy * Fulfill “duty” * Conform to peer pressure

Question 36

Male Courtship

Answer 36

* Females choose males * Males invest more energy * Females sensitive to cues

Question 37

Bateman’s principle

Answer 37

More variability in the reproductive success of males than females