Chapter 9 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage is?

Answer 1

• children use schemes that allow them to think more logically about objects and events in the real world

Question 2

Decentration?

Answer 2

• thinking that involves multiple variables

- HxW

Question 3

Reversibility

Answer 3

• understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed

Question 4

allows the child to go from a specific experience to a general principle

Answer 4

• inductive logic
• small to big
• increased at this age

Question 5

What is an example of formal operational?

Answer 5

• can imagine a feather is made out of titanium

Question 6

Horizontal Decalage

Answer 6

• once a child learns a function, they cannot immediately apply it

Question 7

Siegler suggests there are _____

Answer 7

• no stages (age), only sequences

- problem-solving rules develop from own experience and trial and error

Question 8

Processing efficiency (myelination)

Answer 8

• use of short-term memory capacity increases with age

- cognitive gets faster

Question 9

Automaticity

Answer 9

• recall from long-term
• frees up short-term memory
• long division, letter formation

Question 10

Executive processes

Answer 10

• meta-cognition, able to see goals, strategy to reach those goals

Question 11

Does advanced skill in one area improve general levels of memory or reasoning?

Answer 11

• no, (expertise)

Question 12

mental or vocal repetition; common in older children and adults

Answer 12

Rehearsal

Question 13

grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters, such as “all animals”
- two-year-olds use primitive clustering

Answer 13

Organization

Question 14

finding shared meaning or a common referent for two or more things

Answer 14

Elaboration

Question 15

a device to assist memory

- Every Good Boy Does Fine

Answer 15

Mnemonic

Question 16

“scanning” one’s memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might actually be found

Answer 16

Systematic Searching

Question 17

What do school age children know/learn/master from language?

Answer 17

• proficient, mastered most of basic grammar

- remember topic, clear and polite, persuasive

Question 18

By age 5 to 6 children master____

Answer 18

• basic grammar, and pronunciation of native langauge

Question 19

By age 8 to 9, the child shifts to new structure of language, such as _________

Answer 19

• relationship with whole categories of words

- adjectives and adverbs or between adjectives and nouns

Question 20

conduct disorders, social maladjustment, ADHD, and emotional disorders

Answer 20

Behaviour Disorders

Question 21

language impairment, speech impairment, and learning disability

Answer 21

Communication Disorders

Question 22

deafness and hearing impairment, blindness and low vision

Answer 22

Sensory Impairments

Question 23

giftedness, mild intellectual disability, and developmental disability

Answer 23

Intellectual Differences

Question 24

childhood psychosis, childhood schizophrenia, and infantile autism

Answer 24

Pervasive Developmental Disorders

- socialization, communication

Question 25

neurological defects, physical disability, and conditions that result from infection and disease

Answer 25

Physical Disorders and Impaired Health

Question 26

Learning disability

Answer 26

- impairments in one or more processes related to perceiving, thinking, remembering, or learning

Question 27

Dyslexia is _____

Answer 27

- specific to deficits in reading and not a general cognitive dysfunction

Question 28

What are successful interventions for dyslexia? (4)

Answer 28

- early identification - timely specialized assessments - involve home, school, community and workplace - include provision of specific skill instruction, accommodations, compensatory strategies, and self-advocacy skills

Question 29

What are two causes of ADHD?

Answer 29

- interaction of genetic and environmental factors that are unique to the specific child - mismatch between current and historical learning environments, favour behaviour over survival needs

Question 30

List environmental risk factors for ADHD (9)

Answer 30

- brain injury - exposure to environmental toxins - parenting styles - peer relations - interactions with teachers - stressors in child's life - sleep disturbance - family instability - parental mental illness

Question 31

Compared to their peers, children with ADHD exhibit? (5)

Answer 31

- higher activity level - lower ability to sustain attention - lower ability to control impulse - display more sleep problems - equal with attention tasks

Question 32

Hyperactive-impulsive type

Answer 32

- high activity levels is the main problem | - frigidity, can't stay still

Question 33

Inattentive type

Answer 33

- inability to sustain attention is major difficulty

Question 34

Combined type

Answer 34

- symptoms of both

Question 35

Discuss some ways to treat and manage ADHD?

Answer 35

- parental training programs to regain sense of control | - stimulant medications (Ritalin) = reduce children's activity levels, control impulses, and improve social behaviour