Chapter 9 - Race, Ethnicity and Ancestary

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

Is a social definition based on real biological characteristics. (skin colour, hair texture) Modern idea created by humans. Ancient societies would have people divided by language and religion.

Question 2

Ethnic Group

Answer 2

Defined on the basis of real presumed cultural characteristic, such as language, religion, traditions and cultural practices.

Question 3

Ancestry

Answer 3

Is based on having an enduring and legitimate claim to being the first inhabitants of a specific geographical space.

Question 4

How is Race different from Ethnicity

Answer 4

• Assignment from others
• Reflects power relations
• Implies inherent difference in worth

Question 5

What assumptions do we have about race?

Answer 5

- Physical distinct especially skin colour

- Defined by rigid boundaries

- Racial status inherited

- Shared behavioural characteristics 

- Hierarchal structure

Question 6

Hypo descent Rule

Answer 6

” One Drop Rule “ If someone had the smallest amount of black blood in them they would be fully considered black. (eg. Barack Obama)

Question 7

Race Science

Answer 7

• Science has been used as justification to propose, project and enact racist social policies.
  
- Social Darwinism: racial differences result of evolutionary differences, with one race better than others.

Question 8

Eugenics

Answer 8

Gregor’s Mendels work on genetics let to the development of Eugenics. In Germany created Anti - Semitism, racism, sterilizations, immigration restrictions and opposed interracial marriage.

Question 9

The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Answer 9

Subjects never told they were in an experiment. False basic essential aid treatments, Prevented from seeing doctors. Found a cure then 40 yrs later the unethical method were basically murder.

Question 10

Historical Thinking about Race

Answer 10

In the 19th and 20th centuries there were scientific justifications for treating people of other races differently
. Scientific justified unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige


Question 11

Oscar Lewis “The Children of Sanchez”

Answer 11

Ethnographic studies of small Mexican communities, saw approx. 50 attributes shared within these communities. “ That people in poverty share a consistent and observable “culture” (the way they are)

Question 12

The Fluidity of Racial Categories

Answer 12

• there is nothing intrinsic about any racial group that makes it distinct from any other (our genes do not clearly mark racial groups)

• race is dynamic and fluid concept

• the Hypo-descent rule (one drop rule): If any drop of blood of being African american or any other race makes you that certain race no matter what.

Question 13

Racial And Ethnic Identities(Oppressed)

Answer 13

• Some assigned to a subordinate race physically resemble the dominant race
• others straighten, curl or colour
• others lighten their skin
• some undergo rhinoplasty/surgery

Question 14

Colourism

Answer 14

Discriminatory treatment of individuals falling within the same racial group of the basis of skin colour. Based on pigmentocracy hierarchy based on skin hues. Globally darker skin is correlated with lower status.

Question 15

Multiculturalism

Answer 15

U.S. civil rights movement of the 1960’s helped in fostering this change and so did human rights. An understanding of racial, ethnic and ancestral diversity.

Question 16

Pluralism

Answer 16

Exists in societies where many groups are able to co exist without any of them losing their individual qualities.

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

Occurs when a minority group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and leaves its old ways behind.

Question 18

Segregation

Answer 18

Physical and social separation of different groups.

Question 19

Genocide

Answer 19

An active, systematic attempt at eliminating an entire group of people, is a final outcome of racism.

Question 20

Stereotype

Answer 20

Generalization about an entire category of people.

Question 21

Discrimination

Answer 21

Is the unfavourable treatment of others arising from the negative stereotypes of prejudice.

Question 22

Prejudice

Answer 22

Involves negative attitudes, beliefs, and feelings toward others.

Question 23

White Racial Frame

Answer 23

A particular slant or integration of life that favours the advantaged positions of whites of European descents.

Question 24

Hegemony

Answer 24

Discriminatory practices, such as colonization, subordinate others more on the basis dominant ideas.

Question 25

Institutional Discrimination

Answer 25

Results from day to day operation of social institutions and social structures and their rules, policies and practises. Discrimination may be “systematic” within a society.

Question 26

Intersectionality

Answer 26

The idea that members of any given minority group are affected by the nature of their position in other arrangements of social inequality.

Question 27

Expulsion

Answer 27

Removal of a group from a territory.
Direct Expulsion: Minority ethnic groups are forcibly ejected by the majority through military and government.
Voluntary Expulsion: a minority group can leave of its own because it is being harassed or discriminated.

Question 28

Ethnic Cleansing

Answer 28

The establishment by the dominant group of policies that allow or require the forcible removal of people of another ethnic group.