Chapter 9 Schizophrenia

Question 1

Schizophrenia creates Major disturbances in what?

Answer 1

thought, emotion, and behavior

Question 2

Disordered thinking is characterized as..?

Answer 2

Ideas not logically related

 Faulty perception and attention

Question 3

Emotions are displayed as?

Answer 3

Inappropriate or flat emotions

Question 4

describe how movement or behavior are affected?

Answer 4

Disheveled appearance, erratic body movement

Question 5

Schizophrenia dramatically increases the rates of what?

Answer 5

Suicide

Question 6

Does schizophrenia affect men or women more?

Answer 6

Men

Question 7

Life time prevalence is?

Answer 7

1% of the population

Question 8

When is the onset of Schizophrenia typically

Answer 8

late adolescence or early adulthood

men slightly earlier

Question 9

In what area is schizophrenia Diagnosed more frequently?

Answer 9

different ethnicity’s

 May reflect diagnostic bias

Question 10

How many symptoms should be present and for how long must they last before the diagnosis can be made?

Answer 10

Two or more of the following symptoms for at least 1 month; one symptom should be
either Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech:

Question 11

One symptom must be either?

Answer 11

(1) delusions
 (2) hallucinations
 (3) disorganized speech

Question 12

Name all symtoms

Answer 12

(1) delusions
 (2) hallucinations
 (3) disorganized speech
 (4) disorganized (catatonic) behavior
 (5) negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression)
6) positive symptoms (hallucin and delusion)

Question 13

Positive symptoms are defined as?

Answer 13

excesses (increases movement, talking)

Question 14

Negative symptoms are defined as?

Answer 14

deficits (lacking emotional expression is a deficit, the lack it)

Question 15

Prodromal phase means

Answer 15

early signs and symptoms, it’s the time span leading up to the first obvious psychotic episode. when the first change in a person occurs until he or she develops full-blown psychosis

Question 16

Active phase means?

Answer 16

The active phase, also called the acute phase, is characterized by hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and extremely disorganized speech and behaviors. During this stage, patients appear obviously psychotic.

Question 17

What are the three phases of schizophrenia?

Answer 17

prodromal, acute or active, and residual.

Question 18

Acute or active means?

Answer 18

is what people can see in a person…hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and extremely disorganized speech and behaviors.

Question 19

Identifying prodromal period: if recognized and treated early on, the person may

Answer 19

may not always continue on to develop full-blown schizophrenia.

Question 20

The residual stage of schizophrenia resembles?

Answer 20

Obvious psychosis has subsided, but the patient may exhibit negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as social withdrawal, a lack of emotion,

Question 21

What are some negative symptoms?

Answer 21

social withdrawal, a lack of emotion, and uncharacteristically low energy levels.

Question 22

Three major clusters of symptoms are?

Answer 22

Positive
 Negative
 Disorganized

Question 23

Positive Symptoms are?

Answer 23

Hallucinations (sensory disorder, hearing things) and delusions (thought disorder)

Question 24

Negative symptoms are?

Answer 24

Avolition….Alogia..Anhedonia…blunted affect…asociality

Question 25

Avolition means?

Answer 25

lack of motivation or ability to do tasks or activities that have an end goal,

Question 26

Alogia means?

Answer 26

Reduction in speech | inability to speak because of mental defect, mental confusion, or aphasia.

Question 27

Anhedonia means?

Answer 27

inability to feel pleasure. Consummatory pleasure |  Anticipatory pleasure

Question 28

blunted affect means?

Answer 28

difficulty in expressing their emotions [1], characterized by diminished facial expression, expressive gestures and vocal expressions in reaction to emotion provoking stimuli

Question 29

asociality means?

Answer 29

Inability to form close personal | relationships. lack of desire to form relationships, social withdrawal

Question 30

Disorganised symptoms are?

Answer 30

disorganized speech and behaviour

Question 31

(Positive)  Delusions are displayed as?

Answer 31

Firmly held beliefs  Contrary to reality  Resistant to disconfirming evidence

Question 32

(Positive) Hallucinations are displayed as

Answer 32

Sensory experiences in the | absence of sensory stimulation

Question 33

65% of schizophrenics have what time of delusions (thoughts)?

Answer 33

thoughts of persecution

Question 34

74% have what types of hallucinations (sensory)

Answer 34

Auditory (hearing voices)

Question 35

when hearing voices (hallucinating) what area of the brain has increased activity?

Answer 35

Increased levels of activity in Broca’s | area during hallucinations

Question 36

Disorganized behavior shows itself as?

Answer 36

Silliness, agitation, unusual dress |  e.g., wearing several heavy coats in hot weather

Question 37

with Disorganized speech, Loose associations (derailment) shows itself as what behaviour?

Answer 37

Rambles, difficulty sticking to one topic

Question 38

with Disorganized speech, Incoherence shows up as?

Answer 38

 Inability to organize ideas

Question 39

what are the three Movement Symptoms?

Answer 39

-Catatonia, Repetitive, complex gestures  Usually of the fingers or hands  Excitable, wild flailing of limbs -Catatonic immobility, Maintain unusual posture for long periods of time  e.g., stand on one leg, -Waxy flexibility, Limbs can be manipulated and posed by another person

Question 40

what are the symptoms for Schizophreniform Disorder

Answer 40

Same symptoms as schizophrenia

Question 41

what is the time frame for Schizophreniform Disorder diagnosis? how long or short have the symptoms been present

Answer 41

Symptom duration greater than 1 month but less than 6 months

Question 42

Schizophreniform Disorder symptoms MUST include at least one of what three things?

Answer 42

either hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech

Question 43

Brief Psychotic Disorder symptom time frame is? (symptom duration)

Answer 43

Symptom duration of 1 day to 1 month

Question 44

Brief Psychotic Disorder is often triggered by

Answer 44

extreme stress, such as bereavement

Question 45

Brief Psychotic Disorder must include either?

Answer 45

either hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech

Question 46

Schizoaffective Disorder diagnostic symptoms are what? schizo = schizophrenia affective = mood

Answer 46

both schizophrenia and either a depressive or manic episode

Question 47

the mood disorder must be present for how long in Schizoaffective Disorder?

Answer 47

major mood episode are present for a majority of the duration the illness

Question 48

Delusional disorder (thoughts) may include what symptoms?

Answer 48

``` Persecution  Jealousy  Being followed  Erotomania (Loved by a famous person)  Somatic delusions (thinking that your body is diseased in some way) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia ```

Question 49

what is Erotomania?

Answer 49

Loved by a famous person

Question 50

what are Somatic delusions?

Answer 50

thinking that your body is diseased in some way, missing an imaginary limb, your arms not really yours, body is infested with maggots

Question 51

what disorder may include somatic delusions and/ or erotomania?

Answer 51

delusion (thoughts) disorder

Question 52

what disorder must have both schizophrenia and either a depressive or manic episode?

Answer 52

Schizoaffective Disorder Schizo = schizophrenia affective = mood

Question 53

If symptoms of schizopheniform last longer than six months the diagnosis is changed to?

Answer 53

schizophrenia or, in some cases, bipolar or schizoaffective disorder.

Question 54

incidence of schizophrenia occur mostly with people who's parents had?

Answer 54

both parents with schizophrenia 27.3% | if one parent has bipolar 15.6%

Question 55

Etiology: what does Genetically heterogeneous | mean?

Answer 55

Not likely that disorder caused by single gene

Question 56

Etiology: family studies show that?

Answer 56

Relatives at increased risk |  Negative symptoms have stronger genetic component

Question 57

Etiology: Twin studies showed that MZ twins were at a?

Answer 57

44% higher risk for MZ twins vs. 12% risk for DZ twins | for developing schizophrenia

Question 58

Etiology: Twins- Children of non-schizophrenic MZ twin were?

Answer 58

more likely to develop | schizophrenia (9.4% vs. 1% in general population)

Question 59

Etiology: what are the two genes associated with schizophrenia

Answer 59

DTNGP1 | and NGR1

Question 60

Etiology: what are the two genes associated with cognitive deficits

Answer 60

COMT | and BDNF

Question 61

Neurotransmitters: what is the Dopamine Theory?

Answer 61

Disorder due to excess levels of dopamine, Excess numbers of dopamine receptors or oversensitive dopamine receptors

Question 62

Neurotransmitters: what drug can induce psychosis?

Answer 62

Amphetamines because it reduces dopamine activity

Question 63

Neurotransmitter: what neurotransmitter alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 63

drugs that reduce dopamine

Question 64

To be effective, antipsychotics must?

Answer 64

reduce dopamine | activity to below normal levels

Question 65

Other neurotransmitters involved are?

Answer 65

Serotonin  GABA  Glutamate

Question 66

In brain structure scans that show Enlarged ventricles indicate?

Answer 66

``` Implies loss of brain cells  Correlate with  Poor performance on cognitive tests  Poor premorbid adjustment  Poor response to treatment ```

Question 67

Brain structure: Structural and functional abnormalities have been found in these regions

Answer 67

``` Temporal Cortex, Temporal gyrus  Hippocampus  Amygdala  Anterior cingulate ```

Question 68

Brain structure: Reduced _______ and ____ evident

Answer 68

Grey matter and volumn

Question 69

Environmental Factors: what are the environmental factors that may cause schizophrenia?

Answer 69

Damage during gestation or birth (lack of oxygen at birth) | or Viral damage to fetal brain from toxins, parasite or higher rates in mothers who had the flu during pregnancy

Question 70

What axis system triggers cortisol and increases dopamine?

Answer 70

Stress activates HPA system, which triggers cortisol | secretion, Cortisol increases dopamine activity

Question 71

What does the HPA system do?

Answer 71

Manages reactivity to stress Triggers release of cortisol and is Affected by early life stress

Question 72

Psychological Stress: schizophrenics are more _________ to stress and have _______ positive moods and _______ negative moods

Answer 72

more reactive to stress, lower positive feelings, higher levels of negative moods

Question 73

Family environment: what may increase relapse rates?

Answer 73

expressed emotion from family, criticism, emotional over involvement, Hostility

Question 74

studies found Second-generation drugs were _____ effective than the older, first-generation drug

Answer 74

2nd generation were not more effective then 1st generation

Question 75

second generation drugs have what serious side effects

Answer 75

Weight gain, diabetes, pancreatitis