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PSYC 2103 > Chapter 9 - Social Development > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Social Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does social development include the development of?

A
  • emotion
  • personality
  • attachment
  • self
  • peer relationships
  • morality
  • gender
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2
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s theory based upon in terms of the need for resolution

A

the social crisis which need resolution

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3
Q

What are the 5 stages of Erikson’s theory?

A

1) trust vs mistrust
2) autonomy vs shape and doubt
3) initiative vs guilt
4) industry vs inferiority
5) identity vs role confusion

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3
Q

What happens in the trust vs mistrust stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

A
  • 1st year of life
  • developing trust in other people is the crucial issue
  • crisis resolution by parents dictates attachment styles
  • social crisis = trust
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4
Q

What happens in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

A
  • 1- 3 1/2 years old
  • challenge is to achieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increased social demand
  • social crisis = balancing using autonomy and restrictions/ punishment from parents
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5
Q

What happens in the initiative vs guilt stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

A
  • 4 -6 years old
  • taking initiative of their environment
  • parents must reinforce child’s choices
  • resolved when child develops high standards and the initiative to meet them w/out being crushed by worry about not being able to measure up
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6
Q

What happens in the industry vs inferiority stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

A
  • 6 years old - puberty
  • child must master cognitive and social skills, learn to work and play well with others
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7
Q

What happens in the Identity vs role confusion stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?

A
  • adolescence - early adulthood
  • must resolve the question of who they really are/ where they belong
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8
Q

Describe the identity achievement stage of identity development.

A

a crisis has been experienced and a commitment has been made

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9
Q

Describe the foreclosure stage of identity development.

A

a crisis has not been experienced and a commitment has been made

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10
Q

Describe the moratorium stage of identity development.

A

a crisis has been experienced and a commitment has not been made

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11
Q

Describe the identity diffusion stage of identity development.

A

a crisis has not been experienced and a commitment has not been made

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response.

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13
Q

What is an antecedent? what kind of learning is it used in?

A
  • An antecedent refers to the stimulus or event that occurs before a specific behavior and serves as a trigger or precursor to that behavior.
  • used in classical conditioning
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14
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened through the consequences they produce.

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15
Q

Which kind of conditioning reinforces pre-established behaviors?

A

operant conditioning

16
Q

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? What does it mean when its positive or negative?

A
  • punishment aims to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring
  • reinforcement aims to increase the likelihood of an action occurring
  • either is positive when something is added to the “experience”
  • either is negative when something is taken away from the “experience”
17
Q
  • What is hostile attribute bias?
  • What kind of environment do children who have this come from?
  • What kind of behavior does this elicit in children?
A
  • when children have the idea that everyone is out to get them
  • tend to come from abusive households
  • children with this are often hostile
18
Q

What does the bioecological model represent? What are the different tiers of this system?

A
  • represents how our immediate surroundings influence us
  • include the microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
19
Q

Describe the different systems within the bioecological model.

A
  • Microsystem: people who are closest and very directly impact us
  • Exosystem: people/ things in proximity which may directly or indirectly impacts us
  • Macrosystem: policies and systems which indirectly influence us
20
Q

What are the key ideas of Freud’s psychoanalysis?

A
  • the mind is made of separate part that function independently and can conflict with each other
  • Id - irrational and emotional (now!)
  • ego - rational (mediator)
  • superego - moral (conscience)
21
Q

What are some controversies surrounding Freud’s psychoanalysis theory?

A
  • moral: dislike of emphasis on sex and sexual energy
  • scientific: theory is unscientific
  • makes people uncomfortable
22
Q

What does freud’s psychosexual theory propose children are motivated by?

A
  • the urge to satisfy the arousal they feel
23
Q

What are the stages of the psychosexual theory?

A

1) Oral stage
2) Anal stage
3) Phallic Stage

24
Q

Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual theory.

A
  • birth - 18 months old
  • physical focus: mouth, lips, tongue
  • psychological theme: dependency, passivity
  • only the id exists
  • things can go wrong if needs aren’t fulfilled or needs are fulfilled instantly (mirrors trust vs mistrust stage)
  • adult characters are overly independent vs passive
25
Q

Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual theory.

A
  • 18 months - 3 years old
  • physical focus - anus and organs of elimination
  • psychological themes: self control and obedience
  • ego begins to develop (morals)
  • things can go wrong if given unreasonable expectations and never demanding control of urges
  • adult character type: over controlled vs undercontrolled
26
Q

Describe the phallic stage of the psychosexual theory.

A
  • timing - 3 1/2 - 7 years old
  • physical focus - sexual organs
  • basic tasks - coming to terms with physical sex differences and their implications
  • experience oedipal crisis
  • development of morality, conscience, and the superego
27
Q

What is the oedipal crisis? When does it occur?

A
  • Oedipus Complex: Children experience sexual attraction or desire for the parent of the opposite sex
  • occurs during phallic stage of the psychosexual theory
28
Q

What are some critiques given to the psychosexual thoery?

A
  • excessive complexity
  • case study method - high likelihood of bias
  • vague definitions for concepts
  • untestable (cannot be proven false)
  • sexism: males are considered to be in the norm while females are considered deviations from male model

PSYC 2103 (10 decks)

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