Chapter 9 textbook

Question 1

people with prefrontal brain damage are really bad ————

Answer 1

gamblers

Question 2

Allen and Beatrix Garnder were the first to use what with apes?

Answer 2

ASL (american sign language)

Question 3

what is the family resemblance theory?

Answer 3

focus on features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possesed by every member.

Question 4

all languages have grammar rules that generally fall into 2 categories:

Answer 4

1. rules of morpholoy 2. rules of syntax

Question 5

surface structure:

Answer 5

refers to how a sentence is words.

Question 6

what is a sufficient condition?

Answer 6

something that, if it is true of the object, proves that is belongs to the category. Like suppose someone told you that the creature was a german shepherd and you now know that a german shepherd is a type of dog.

Question 7

Phonemes are combined to make ———

Answer 7

morphemes

Question 8

describe genetic dysphasia:

Answer 8

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence.

Question 9

what is wernicke’s area involved in?

Answer 9

language comprehension, whether spoken or signed

Question 10

according to chomsky, what did he think of language learning?m

Answer 10

language learning capacities are built into the brain, which is specialized to acquire language rapidly through simple exposure to speech.

Question 11

by 18 months what can the little terrors do?

Answer 11

say about 50 words and can understand several times more than that!

Question 12

what is a necessary condition?

Answer 12

is something that must be true of the obect in order for it to belong to the category. Like it is necessary that the creature by a mammals if it is a dog.

Question 13

aphasia:

Answer 13

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Question 14

around 24 months children begin to do what?

Answer 14

form 2 word sentences. Such sentences are reffered to as telegraph speech because they are devoid of function morphemes and cosist mostly of content words

Question 15

Deep strcutures :

Answer 15

refers to the meaning of a sentence

Question 16

childrens ———- mastery of language develops faster than their ———- mastery

Answer 16

passive/ active

Question 17

functional fixedness:

Answer 17

the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as unchanging- is a process that constricts our thinking

Question 18

whee is broca’s area located?

Answer 18

left frontal cortex

Question 19

analogical problem solving:

Answer 19

we attempt to solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem.

Question 20

Learning a second language early in life increase what?

Answer 20

the density of grey matter in the brain

Question 21

availability bias:

Answer 21

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently.

Question 22

what theory do economists believe and describe the theory

Answer 22

rational choice theory: we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and the multiplying the two.

Question 23

heuristics:

Answer 23

fast and efficient strategies that may faciliate decision maki9ning but do not guarantee that a solution will be reached.

Question 24

what is an algorithm?

Answer 24

is well defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem.

Question 25

function morphees?

Answer 25

serve grammatical functions such as tying sentences together like and, or, but or indicating time like whe

Question 26

what is the exemplar theory?

Answer 26

holds that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category.

Question 27

practical reasoning:

Answer 27

is figuring out what to do or reasoning directed towards actions

Question 28

the visual cortex is involved in forming what? whereas the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are involved in learning what?

Answer 28

prototypes/ exemplars

Question 29

what do individuals with broca’s aphasia unable to do?

Answer 29

they can understand language reltivaely well but they really struggle with speech PRODUCTION.

Question 30

the left hemisphere is primary involved in forming what? and the right hemisphere is mainly active in recognizing what?

Answer 30

prototypes/ exemplars

Question 31

represenativeness heuristic:

Answer 31

making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event.

Question 32

equally informative are the limitations apes exhibit when learning comprehending and using human language:

Answer 32

1. limited voabulaires 2. limited conceptual repertoire 3. Limited understanding of grammar

Question 33

Broca’s area and wernicke’s area are sometimes referred to as the what centres of the brain?

Answer 33

language centres

Question 34

Fast Mapping:

Answer 34

the process whereby children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure, enables them to learn at this rapid pace.

Question 35

reasoning:

Answer 35

is a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps in order to reach conclusions

Question 36

sysntatical rules:

Answer 36

indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

Question 37

morphological rules:

Answer 37

indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

Question 38

content morphemes are what?

Answer 38

refers to things and events like cat, dog and take

Question 39

why are nativist theories often criticized?

Answer 39

because they do not explain how language develops, they merely explain why

Question 40

between the ages of 4 and 6 months babies do what?

Answer 40

they begin to babble speech sounds. Babbling involves combinations of vowels and consonants that sound like real syllables but are meaningless

Question 41

what is broca’s area involved in?

Answer 41

in the production of the sequential patterns in vocal and sign language

Question 42

between 10-12 months of age infants beging to do what?

Answer 42

utter their first words

Question 43

means-end analysis:

Answer 43

a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal.

Question 44

which are humans better at? frequencies or probabilities?

Answer 44

frequencies

Question 45

theoretical reasoning:

Answer 45

is reasoning directed towards arriving at a beleif.

Question 46

what are three striking differences distinguish human language from vervet moneky yelps?

Answer 46

1. The complex structure of human language distinguishes it from simpler signaling systems 2. Second, humans use words to refer to intangible things such as unicorn or democracy,t hey words could have originates as simple alarm calls 3. Third we use language to name, categorize and describe thing to ourselves when we think.

Question 47

what is a concept?

Answer 47

is an abstract representation, description or definition that designates a class or category of things.

Question 48

what does exemplar theory do a better job of then prototype theory?

Answer 48

accoundting for prototypical dogs look like but also what specific dogs look like

Question 49

Linguistic relativity hypothesis:

Answer 49

the ideas that language shapes the nature of thought.

Question 50

according to chomsky, the human brain is equipped with what?

Answer 50

a language acquisition device (LAD), a collection of proceses that facilitate language learning

Question 51

where is wernicke’s area located?

Answer 51

in the left temporal cortex.

Question 52

what is the nativist theory?

Answer 52

hold that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity.

Question 53

Framing effect:

Answer 53

which occurs when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased.

Question 54

how are patients with wernicke’s aphasia different from patients with broca’s?

Answer 54

they can produce grammatical speech but it tends to be meaningless and they have considerable difficulty comprehending language

Question 55

conjunction fallacy:

Answer 55

because people think that 2 events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

Question 56

chomsky’s beliefs lined up with what theory?

Answer 56

nativist

Question 57

what is the prototype theory?

Answer 57

based on the “best” or “most typical” member of a category.