Chapter 9 - The Central Nervous System

Question 1

affective behaviors

Answer 1

r/t feeling and emotion

Question 2

plasticity

Answer 2

the ability of the brain to change connections as a result of experience

Question 3

the cerebrum is responsible for:

Answer 3

thought and emotion

Question 4

the CNS develops from the ___ of the embryo

Answer 4

neural tube

Question 5

gray matter

Answer 5

consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. cell bodies either form layers in parts of the brain or else cluster into nuclei

Question 6

white matter

Answer 6

formed by myelinated axons of the CNS

Question 7

tracts

Answer 7

bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS

Question 8

choroid plexus

Answer 8

secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain

Question 9

functions of CSF

Answer 9

cushion the tissues and creates a controlled chemical environment

Question 10

blood brain barrier

Answer 10

formed by tight junctions in brain capillaries; present possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial fluid

Question 11

normal fuel source for neurons

Answer 11

glucose

Question 12

6 major divisions of the brain:

Answer 12

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 13

cerebrum: 3 parts

Answer 13

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

Question 14

cerebral cortex

Answer 14

sensory areas (perception), motor areas (skeletal muscle movement), association areas (integration of information and direction of voluntary movement)

Question 15

basal ganglia

Answer 15

part of cerebrum. responsible for movement

Question 16

limbic system

Answer 16

part of cerebrum. center for emotion in the brain. divided into amygdala and cingulate gyrus (emotion and memory) and hippocampus (learning and memory).

Question 17

amygdala

Answer 17

part of limbic system of cerebrum. responsible for emotion and memory

Question 18

hippocampus

Answer 18

part of limbic system of cerebrum. responsible for learning and memory

Question 19

cerebellum

Answer 19

processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement

Question 20

diencephalon

Answer 20

composed of thalamus and hypothalamus. contain pineal and pituitary glands

Question 21

thalamus

Answer 21

part of diencephalon. integrating center and relay station for sensory and motor information

Question 22

pineal gland

Answer 22

endocrine gland located in the diencephalon. responsible for melatonin secretion

Question 23

hypothalamus

Answer 23

part of diencephalon. responsible for homeostasis and behavioral drives by its control over endocrine and autonomic function

Question 24

pituitary gland

Answer 24

endocrine gland located in the diencephalon. responsible for hormone secretion

Question 25

brain stem

Answer 25

divided into: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation. cranial nerves II to XII originate here.

Question 26

midbrain

Answer 26

part of brainstem. responsible for eye movement, and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes

Question 27

pons

Answer 27

part of brainstem. relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum. responsible for coordination of breathing

Question 28

medulla oblongata

Answer 28

part of brainstem. responsible for control of involuntary functions. contains somatosensory and corticospinal tracts that convey information b/w the cerebrum and spinal cord. most tracts cross midline in the pyramid region.

Question 29

reticular formation

Answer 29

part of brainstem. responsible for arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation.

Question 30

cerebral lateralization

Answer 30

left brain: language and verbal skills; dominant for right handed people. right brain: spatial skills; dominant for leftys

Question 31

behavioral state system

Answer 31

controls states of arousal and modulates the sensory and cognitive systems

Question 32

diffuse modulatory systems

Answer 32

of the reticular formation. influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis

Question 33

reticular activating system

Answer 33

keeps the brain conscious (aware of self and environment)

Question 34

circadian rhythms are controlled by

Answer 34

the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (like an internal clock)

Question 35

2 major phases of sleep

Answer 35

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and slow-wave (AKA deep sleep or non-REM) sleep

Question 36

reflexive memory

Answer 36

part of long term memory. does not require conscious processes for its creation or recall

Question 37

declarative memory

Answer 37

part of long term memory. uses higher-level of cognitive skills for formation and requires conscious attention for its recall

Question 38

Wernicke's area

Answer 38

at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. sensory input from either the visual or auditory cortex goes here, then to Broca's area. input is integrated and processed. output occurs from Broca's area. damage to Wernicke's area can receptive aphasia.

Question 39

Broca's area

Answer 39

in posterior part of the frontal lobe close to the motor cortex. sensory input from either the visual or auditory cortex goes to Wernicke's area, then here. input is integrated and processed. output occurs from Broca's area to motor cortex to initiate a spoken or written action. damage to Broca's causes expressive aphasia

Question 40

receptive aphasia

Answer 40

cause difficulty understanding spoken or visual information. the person's own speech may be nonsense because they are unable to retrieve words

Question 41

expressive aphasia

Answer 41

understand simple, unambiguous spoken and written language but have difficulty interpreting complicated sentences w/ several elements linked together.also difficulty speaking or writing w/ normal syntax.

Question 42

CSF and ion concentrations

Answer 42

H+ is higher in CSF. Na+ is same in CSF and plasma. K+ is lower in CSF.

Question 43

CN I

Answer 43

olfactory. sensory. olfactory info from nose

Question 44

CN II

Answer 44

optic. sensory. visual info from eyes

Question 45

CN III

Answer 45

oculomotor. motor. eye movement, pupil constriction, lens shape

Question 46

CN IV

Answer 46

trochlear. motor. eye movement.

Question 47

CN V

Answer 47

trigeminal. both sensory and motor. sensory info from face and mouth. motor signals for chewing.

Question 48

CN VI

Answer 48

abducens. motor. eye movement.

Question 49

CN VII

Answer 49

facial. both motor and sensory. sensory for taste; efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression

Question 50

CN VIII

Answer 50

vestibulocochlear. sensory. hearing and equilibrium.

Question 51

CN IX

Answer 51

glossopharyngeal. both sensory and motor. sensory from oral cavity, baro- and chemoreceptors in blood vessels; efferent for swallowing, parotid salivary gland secretion.

Question 52

CN X

Answer 52

vagus. both sensory and motor to many internal organs, muscles, and glands

Question 53

CN XI

Answer 53

accessory. motor. muscles of oral cavity, some muscles in neck and shoulder

Question 54

CN XII

Answer 54

hypoglossal. motor. tongue muscles.