Chapter 9 - Translation

Question 1

Amino acid are linked by what?

Answer 1

Peptide bond

Question 2

Describe the looks of Peptide group

Answer 2

Rigid and Planar

Question 3

What is translation?

Answer 3

It is the process that builds the primary structure of a protein using information encoded by mRNA.

Question 4

Secondary Structure

Answer 4

determiend by hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces and van der waals between amino acids

Question 5

What are the common secondary structure:

Answer 5

Alpha helix and pleated sheets

Question 6

Tertiary Structure

Answer 6

Folding of the secondary structure

Question 7

Quaternary Structure

Answer 7

interactions between different tertiary stuctures

Question 8

Where does translation occur?

Answer 8

In the ribosome

Question 9

In Bacteria, the large and small subunit is comprised of how many s?

Answer 9

The Large subunit has 50s ribosome
The Small subunit has 30s ribosome
- 70s ribosome

Question 10

In Eukaryote, the large and small subunit is comprised of how many s?

Answer 10

The Large subunit has 60s ribosome
The Small subunit has 40s ribosome
- 80s ribosome

Question 11

When a large subunit connects with a small subunit, how many sites do they form and what are the names of those sites?

Answer 11

They form 3 sites… E, P, and A.

Question 12

What are the functions of the sites that is created when a large and small subunit connects?

Answer 12

Peptidyl (P) site - tRNA w/ growing polypeptide
Aminoacyl (A) site - tRNA w/ next amino acid
Exit (E) - where an empty tRNA is ready to go away

Question 13

What subunit is assisted by IF3?

Answer 13

Small (30s)

Question 14

What type of energy is needed for the union in ribosome asssembly?

Answer 14

GTP energy

Question 15

What recognizes stop codons?

Answer 15

Release factor (RF)

Question 16

Eukaryotes are …
Operons in bacteria are …

Choose one
(Polycistrons OR Monocistronic)

Answer 16

Eukaryotes are Monocistronic
Operons in bacteria are Polycistrons

Question 17

What is Monocistronic and Polycistronic?

Answer 17

Monocistronic is when every mRNA encodes for 1 polypeptide chain

Polycistronic is when 1 mRNA sequence can encode for multiple things

Question 18

What is synonymous codons?

Answer 18

Different condons that encodes for the same amino acid

Question 19

What is Nonsynymous condons?

Answer 19

A codon that changed so it encodes a different amino acid

Question 20

What is Isoaccpeting tRNAs?

Answer 20

They have different anticodon sequences but carry the same amino acid.

Question 21

Third base wobble is …

Answer 21

When anticodons can recognize a few codons because of relaxed base pairing in the third codon position.

Question 22

How many nucleotide make up a codon?

Answer 22

There are 3 nucleotides that make up a condon.

Reminder: 4 x 4 x 4 is used in this case because of (A, T, C, G)

Question 23

Why is the coding sequence not continous in Eukaryotes?

Answer 23

They are interupted by long noncoding segments.

Question 24

Lock & key model …

Answer 24

When enzyme and subtrates comes together and form a product.

*Products must fit on the receptor site (Enzyme - substrate complex)

Question 25

Induced - fit model ...

Answer 25

Substrates that meets the receptor site and makes the enzyme change it's shape in order to be a functional protein.

Question 26

A null mutation is ...

Answer 26

A mutation (a change) in a gene that leads to its not being transcribed into RNA and/or translated into a functional protein product.

Question 27

A leaky mutation ...

Answer 27

A less-severe mutation that still allows some normal function to "leak through" into the phenotype (reduces functions)

Question 28

A silent mutation ...

Answer 28

A mutation that does not change function

Question 29

What are the forms of mutations?

Answer 29

Insertion, Deletions, Frameshit, Point, Substitution

Question 30

tRNA synthetases is responsible for what?

Answer 30

They are responsible for adding the amino acid to the 3'- arm of the tRNA.

Question 31

How many tRNA synthetases are there?

Answer 31

There are 20 tRNA synthetases, one for each amino acid.

Question 32

In Bacteria, transcription and translation are (coupled or not coupled) and do they occur at the same time or not?

Answer 32

Transcription and translation are coupled and occur at the same time.

Question 33

In Eukaryotes, transcription and translation are (coupled or not coupled) and do they occur at the same time or not?

Answer 33

Transcription and translation are uncoupled. Translation occurs outside of the nucleus.