Chapter 9 - Transport in animals

Question 1

Name the four nutrients that the cytoplasm carries

Answer 1

• amino acids
• glucose
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide

Question 2

What do animal cells look like?

Answer 2

circular shaped, cell membrane, cytoplasm wth a small vacuole and a nucleus

Question 3

What are the 3 characteristics of the circulatory system?

Answer 3

• system of blood vessels that carry blood
• heart pumps blood
• valves ensure flow in one direction

Question 4

Where does oxygen blood come from

Answer 4

the lungs (left side)

Question 5

Explain the term ‘double circulatory system’

Answer 5

blood passes through the heart twice in one complete body circuit

Question 6

Where can double circulatory systems be found?

Answer 6

mammals, birds and reptiles

Question 7

What are the 2 parts of the double circulatory system?

Answer 7

pulmonary system: vessels take blood to lungs and back

systematic system: vessels that take blood to the rest of the body and back

Question 8

What kind of circulatory system do fish have?

Answer 8

single circulatory system

Question 9

What are the negatives of a single circulatory system?

Answer 9

• when blood flows through tiny vessels, it loses pressure
• blood get to organs slower than mammals

Question 10

What are the positives of a single circulatory system?

Answer 10

• needs less energy
• more efficient for getting energy to cells quickly for respiration
• blood goes back to the heart to increase pressure

Question 11

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 11

4

Question 12

What happens in the aria (upper heart chambers) ?

Answer 12

blood flows

Question 13

What happens in the ventricles (lower heart chambers) ?

Answer 13

pumps blood out

Question 14

Define septum

Answer 14

the structure by which the left and right side of the heart are divided

Question 15

How does the blood enter the heart?

Answer 15

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein which came from lungs. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body through the venae cavae.

Question 16

Why do the strong muscles in the walls of the ventricle contract?

Answer 16

to pump blood out of the heart

Question 17

Define aorta

Answer 17

largest artery in the body. recieves oxygenated blood from left ventricles and pumps it to the rest of the body (away from the heart)

Question 18

Define pulmonary artery

Answer 18

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs (to heart)

Question 19

What are the 6 characteristics of red blood cells?

Answer 19

• approximately 84% of the cells in the human body (20-30 trillion
• full circulation takes around 1 minute
• delivers oxygen to every tissue in the body
• live up to 120 days, then get recycled
• no nuclei to help carry oxygen (disk with a large surface area)
• small so they can squeeze through tiny capilaries

Question 20

Define atrioventricular valve

Answer 20

valve between atrium and ventricle in heart that allows blood to flow from atria to ventricles

Question 21

What do valves prevent?

Answer 21

the backflow of blood

Question 22

Define semi-lunar valves

Answer 22

close to entrance of aorta and pulmonary artery that prevents backflow of blood from the arteries back into ventricle

Question 23

Which has thicker wall; ventricles or atria?

Answer 23

ventricle

Question 24

Which side of the ventricles have thicker walls?

Answer 24

left

Question 25

What effect does pressure have on the walls of the heart chambers?

Answer 25

more pressure = thicker wall

Question 26

Define coronary arteries

Answer 26

vessels that supply blood to the heart muscles on the outside of the heart

Question 27

What does the heart need to continue pumping blood?

Answer 27

a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen

Question 28

How can coronary arteries get blocked?

Answer 28

if cholesterol builds up

Question 29

What happens if blood clots form?

Answer 29

the lumen can get blocked more

Question 30

What happens if the coronary arteries get blocked?

Answer 30

- the cardiac muscle cannot get any oxygen or nutrients - muscles cannot contract, therefore the heart could stop beating

Question 31

Can CHD be eliminated?

Answer 31

no but it can be prevented

Question 32

What can be done to prevent coronaryheart disease (CHD)?

Answer 32

- no smoking - regular exercise - healthy diet

Question 33

Is saturated fats linked with high colesterol?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

Why is a vegetarian diet healthier than a meat diet?

Answer 34

because meat has more saturated fats than than plant-based foods

Question 35

1 heartbeat =

Answer 35

1 lub-dub

Question 36

How fast does a normal person's heart beat when at rest?

Answer 36

60 - 75 times per minute

Question 37

Sound of a heart beating =

Answer 37

opening and closing the valves

Question 38

Define pulse

Answer 38

expansion and relaxation of an artery caused by the heart pushing blood through it

Question 39

pulse rate =

Answer 39

heart rate

Question 40

How is heart activity studied in hospitals?

Answer 40

electrocardiograms (ECG)

Question 41

Define ECG

Answer 41

a graph showing the electrical activity of a heart plotted over time

Question 42

What are the 4 components of the blood?

Answer 42

- red blood cells - white blood cells - platlets - plasma

Question 43

What does the cytoplasm in red blood cells contain?

Answer 43

haemoglobin

Question 44

Define haemoglobin

Answer 44

a red pigment that contains iron that combines with oxygen in the lungs

Question 45

What is the function of oxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 45

releases oxygen when levels are low (haemoglobin combined with oxygen)

Question 46

What are the 3 characteristics of white blood cells?

Answer 46

- nucleus that is often large - small but larger than red blood cells - move around easily, can squeeze out of capillaries into all parts of the body

Question 47

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 47

to fight pathogens and clean up dead body cells

Question 48

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

Answer 48

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

Question 49

Define phagocytes

Answer 49

destroy pathogens by engulfing them and digesting them (important term: phagocytosis)

Question 50

Define lymphocytes

Answer 50

produce antibodies which fix onto pathogens and destroy them

Question 51

What is the nucleus like in each type of white blood cells?

Answer 51

phagocytes: lobbed nucleus lymphocytes: have a large round nucleus that fits the cell

Question 52

What are the 5 characteristics of platlets?

Answer 52

- small fragments of cells with no nucleus - when blood vessels break, platlets release a substance that makes fibrinogen which then changes it into insoluble fribin - fribin forms fibres that pile up on top of each other - clumps of platlets and red blood cells all come together to form a blood clot - made in red bone marrow

Question 53

What are the 3 characteristics of plasma?

Answer 53

- mostly water -many substances dissolved in it (glucose, amino acids, mineral ions) - transports hormones (adredeline) and waste products (CO₂ and urea)