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Biology IGCSE > Chapter 9 - Transport in animals > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four nutrients that the cytoplasm carries

A
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
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2
Q

What do animal cells look like?

A

circular shaped, cell membrane, cytoplasm wth a small vacuole and a nucleus

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3
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the circulatory system?

A
  • system of blood vessels that carry blood
  • heart pumps blood
  • valves ensure flow in one direction
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4
Q

Where does oxygen blood come from

A

the lungs (left side)

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5
Q

Explain the term ‘double circulatory system’

A

blood passes through the heart twice in one complete body circuit

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6
Q

Where can double circulatory systems be found?

A

mammals, birds and reptiles

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the double circulatory system?

A

pulmonary system: vessels take blood to lungs and back

systematic system: vessels that take blood to the rest of the body and back

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8
Q

What kind of circulatory system do fish have?

A

single circulatory system

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9
Q

What are the negatives of a single circulatory system?

A
  • when blood flows through tiny vessels, it loses pressure
  • blood get to organs slower than mammals
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10
Q

What are the positives of a single circulatory system?

A
  • needs less energy
  • more efficient for getting energy to cells quickly for respiration
  • blood goes back to the heart to increase pressure
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11
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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12
Q

What happens in the aria (upper heart chambers) ?

A

blood flows

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13
Q

What happens in the ventricles (lower heart chambers) ?

A

pumps blood out

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14
Q

Define septum

A

the structure by which the left and right side of the heart are divided

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15
Q

How does the blood enter the heart?

A

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein which came from lungs. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body through the venae cavae.

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16
Q

Why do the strong muscles in the walls of the ventricle contract?

A

to pump blood out of the heart

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17
Q

Define aorta

A

largest artery in the body. recieves oxygenated blood from left ventricles and pumps it to the rest of the body (away from the heart)

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18
Q

Define pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs (to heart)

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19
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of red blood cells?

A
  • approximately 84% of the cells in the human body (20-30 trillion
  • full circulation takes around 1 minute
  • delivers oxygen to every tissue in the body
  • live up to 120 days, then get recycled
  • no nuclei to help carry oxygen (disk with a large surface area)
  • small so they can squeeze through tiny capilaries
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20
Q

Define atrioventricular valve

A

valve between atrium and ventricle in heart that allows blood to flow from atria to ventricles

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21
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

the backflow of blood

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22
Q

Define semi-lunar valves

A

close to entrance of aorta and pulmonary artery that prevents backflow of blood from the arteries back into ventricle

23
Q

Which has thicker wall; ventricles or atria?

A

ventricle

24
Q

Which side of the ventricles have thicker walls?

A

left

25
Q

Higher pressure =

A

thicker wall

26
Q

Define coronary arteries

A

vessels that supply blood to the heart muscles on the outside of the heart

27
Q

What does the heart need to continue pumping blood?

A

a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen

28
Q

How can coronary arteries get blocked?

A

if cholesterol builds up

29
Q

What happens if blood clots form?

A

the lumen can get blocked more

30
Q

What happens if the coronary arteries get blocked?

A
  • the cardiac muscle cannot get any oxygen or nutrients
  • muscles cannot contract, therefore the heart could stop beating
31
Q

Can CHD be eliminated?

A

no but it can be prevented

32
Q

What can be done to prevent coronaryheart disease (CHD)?

A
  • no smoking
  • regular exercise
  • healthy diet
33
Q

Is saturated fats linked with high colesterol?

A

yes

34
Q

Why is a vegetarian diet healthier than a meat diet?

A

because meat has more saturated fats than than plant-based foods

35
Q

1 heartbeat =

A

1 lub-dub

36
Q

How fast does a normal person’s heart beat when at rest?

A

60 - 75 times per minute

37
Q

Sound of a heart beating =

A

opening and closing the valves

38
Q

Define pulse

A

expansion and relaxation of an artery caused by the heart pushing blood through it

39
Q

pulse rate =

A

heart rate

40
Q

How is heart activity studied in hospitals?

A

electrocardiograms (ECG)

41
Q

Define ECG

A

a graph showing the electrical activity of a heart plotted over time

42
Q

What are the 4 components of the blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platlets
  • plasma
43
Q

What does the cytoplasm in red blood cells contain?

A

haemoglobin

44
Q

Define haemoglobin

A

a red pigment that contains iron that combines with oxygen in the lungs

45
Q

What is the function of oxyhaemoglobin?

A

releases oxygen when levels are low (haemoglobin combined with oxygen)

46
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of white blood cells?

A
  • nucleus that is often large
  • small but larger than red blood cells
  • move around easily, can squeeze out of capillaries into all parts of the body
47
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

to fight pathogens and clean up dead body cells

48
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

49
Q

Define phagocytes

A

destroy pathogens by engulfing them and digesting them (important term: phagocytosis)

50
Q

Define lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies which fix onto pathogens and destroy them

51
Q

What is the nucleus like in each type of white blood cells?

A

phagocytes: lobbed nucleus
lymphocytes: have a large round nucleus that fits the cell

52
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of platlets?

A
  • small fragments of cells with no nucleus
  • involved in blood clotting (prevents pathogens getting in through breaks in skin)
  • when blood vessels break, platlets release a substance that makes fibrinogen which then changes it into insoluble fribin
  • fribin forms fibres that pile up on top of each other
  • clumps of platlets and red blood cells all come together to form a blood clot
  • made in red bone marrow
53
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of plasma?

A
  • mostly water
    -many substances dissolved in it (glucose, amino acids, mineral ions)
  • transports hormones (adredeline) and waste products (CO₂ and urea)

Biology IGCSE (7 decks)

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