Chapter 9 vocab theories of social development

Question 1

achievement motivation

Answer 1

whether children are motivated by competence or by others’ views of their success

Question 2

anal stage

Answer 2

second stage in freud’s theory

2-3 years old

primary source of pleasure comes from pooping

Question 3

ADHD

Answer 3

problems sustaining attention

Question 4

behavior modification

Answer 4

form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviors

Question 5

chronosystem

Answer 5

historical changes that influence other systems

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

second personality structure to develop in psychoanalytic theory

rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality

Question 7

entity theory

Answer 7

fixed mindset

theory that level of intelligence is fixed

Question 8

entity/helpless orientation

Answer 8

attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of self

give up if tehy fail

Question 9

erogenous zones

Answer 9

areas of body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development in freud’s theory

Question 10

ethology

Answer 10

study of evolutionary basis of behavior

Question 11

exosystem

Answer 11

environmental settings in a child that does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly (ex. parent workplace)

Question 12

genital stage

Answer 12

last stage in freud’s theory

starts in adolescence

sexual maturation is complete

Question 13

hostile attributional bias

Answer 13

in Doge’s theory, tendency to assume that others’ ambiguous actions are of hostile intent

Question 14

id

Answer 14

earliest personality structure in psychoanalytic theory

unconscious and main goal is to seek pleasure

Question 15

imprinting

Answer 15

form of learning where newborns become attached to and follow adults of the species (follow the first thing they see)

Question 16

incremental theory

Answer 16

growth mindset

theory that intelligence can grow from experience

Question 17

incremental/mastery orientation

Answer 17

tendency to attribute success and failure to amount of effort exerted

persist if they fail

Question 18

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 18

inconsistent response to a behavior

ex, sometimes punishing a behavior - ignoring it other times

Question 19

latency period

Answer 19

4th stage in freud’s theory

6-12 years old

sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities

Question 20

macrosystem

Answer 20

larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded

Question 21

mesosystem

Answer 21

interactions between immediate settings (things in the microsystem)

Question 22

microsystem

Answer 22

immediate environment that a child participates in

Question 23

oral stage

Answer 23

first stage in freud’s theiry

1st year of life

primary source of satisfaction from oral activity

Question 24

parental investment theory

Answer 24

stressed evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior which benefit their offspring

Question 25

phallic stage

Answer 25

3rd stage in freud's theory 3-6 years old sexual pleasure focused on genitalia

Question 26

reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

child-environment influences are bidirectional

Question 27

role taking

Answer 27

awareness of the other person's perspective

Question 28

self-socialization

Answer 28

children play active role in own socialization through activity and friend choices

Question 29

superego

Answer 29

3rd personality structure to develop in psychoanalytic theory consisting of internalized moral standards

Question 30

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 30

observing someone else receive a reward or punishment