Chapter B4- Organising animals and plants

Question 1

haemoglobin

Answer 1

red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

clear yellow liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body

Question 3

red blood cells

Answer 3

biconcave cells that contain red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

Question 4

white blood cells

Answer 4

blood cells involved in the immune system of the body.

engulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins

Question 5

platelets

Answer 5

fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism

Question 6

urea

Answer 6

the waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

Question 7

arteries and properties

Answer 7

• blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
• they usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse
• thick walls with muscle and elastic fibres
• narrow lumen
• dangerous if artery is cut

Question 8

veins

Answer 8

• blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
• usually carry deoxygenated blood
• have valves to prevent the back-flow of blood,
• wide lumen,
• thinner walls

Question 9

capillaries

Answer 9

smallest blood vessels.

they run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

Question 10

double circulatory system

Answer 10

circulation of blood form the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 11

coronary arteries

Answer 11

blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

Question 12

atria

Answer 12

upper chambers of the heart

Question 13

vena cava

Answer 13

large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

Question 14

pulmonary vein

Answer 14

large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

Question 15

ventricles

Answer 15

chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

Question 16

pulmonary artery

Answer 16

large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

Question 17

transpiration and what is involves

Answer 17

• loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis.
• involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata.

Question 18

Function of blood

Answer 18

• transport oxygen and nutrients to your organs
• communication by carrying hormones
• homeostasis, carries waste products and spreads heat
• immune system, carries white blood cells and antibodies

Question 19

what solutes are in blood

Answer 19

fatty acids + glycerol 
amino acids
glucose
minerals
vitamins

Question 20

types of blood cells and their function

Answer 20

• red blood cells- carry oxygen
• white blood cells- form our immune system
• platelets- clot blood at a wound

Question 21

properties of red blood cells

Answer 21

• shape and structure- biconcave shape, small and flexible

- contain haemoglobin- a red protein that carries oxygen

Question 22

artificial hearts

Answer 22

temporary heart to support natural heart

Question 23

artificial heart advantages

Answer 23

-opportunity to live relatively normal life while waiting for a transplant

Question 24

artificial heart disadvantages

Answer 24

• a lot of machinery
• you have to stay in hospital until transplant
• resources needed
• expensive

Question 25

artificial pacemakers

Answer 25

electric device used to correct irregularities in the hearts rhythm

Question 26

artificial pacemakers advantages

Answer 26

- sensitive to what your body needs | - increase in quality and length of life

Question 27

artificial pacemakers disadvantages

Answer 27

regular medical checkups throughout your life

Question 28

artificial pacemakers disadvantages

Answer 28

-regular medical checkups throughout your life

Question 29

bypass operations

Answer 29

replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body

Question 30

bypass operations advantages

Answer 30

-they work for badly blocked arteries where stents can't work

Question 31

bypass operations disadvantages

Answer 31

- expensive | - risks associated with general anaesthetic

Question 32

replacement heart valves

Answer 32

- mechanical valves are made of materials such as titanium and polymers - biological valves are based on valves taken from animals or donors

Question 33

replacement heart valves advantages

Answer 33

- mechanical lasts a long time | - biological work extremely well and no medication is needed

Question 34

replacement valves disadvantages

Answer 34

- mechanical needs medication for the rest of your life | - biological only lasts about 12-15 years

Question 35

stents advantages

Answer 35

- can be used all over the body | - releases drugs to prevent blood clotting

Question 36

stents disadvantages

Answer 36

- benefits don't justify the additional expense | - risks of general anaesthetic

Question 37

what happens during inhalation

Answer 37

- ribs move up and out - diaphragm flattens - volume of chest increases

Question 38

what happens during exhalation

Answer 38

- ribs fall - diaphragm moves up - volume of chest decreases

Question 39

functions of outer muscles

Answer 39

contract pulling ribs up and out during inhalation

Question 40

functions of inner muscles

Answer 40

contract pulling ribs down and in during exhalation

Question 41

how does hot conditions affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 41

-more water evaporates from the cells and diffusion happens quicker, so increase rate of transpiration

Question 42

how does dry conditions affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 42

water vapour diffuses more rapidly in dry air than in humid air, because concentration gradient is steeper

Question 43

how does windy conditions affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 43

increases the rate of evaporation and maintains a steep concentration gradient from the inside of the leaf to the outside by removing water vapour as it diffuses out

Question 44

stomata function

Answer 44

allow gases to move in and out of the leaf

Question 45

big surface area function

Answer 45

gas exchange

Question 46

waxy cuticle function

Answer 46

reduces water loss

Question 47

air space function

Answer 47

added surface area

Question 48

leaves function

Answer 48

carry out photosynthesis

Question 49

stems function

Answer 49

support leaves and flower

Question 50

roots function

Answer 50

take up water and minerals from the soil