Chapter eight Flashcards
Middle voice and deponent verbs
The middle voice is between active and passive, or rather both at once: reflexive (I stop myself), causative (I get something stopped) or just intransitive (I cease).
In the present and imperfect tenses, middle and passive forms are the same (distinguished by context).
Some verbs have a special meaning in the middle, others (deponent verbs) have only a middle form.
Aorist middle
In the aorist there are special forms for the middle.
First aorist, e.g. επαυσαμην (I ceased), uses augement +aorist stem + endings -αμην, -ω, -ατο, -αμεθα, -ασθε, -αντο: participle παυσαμενος -η -ον.
Second aorist, e.g. ελαβομην (I took for myself), uses augment, aorist stem, and the same endings as the imperfect middle/passive; participle λαβομενος -η -ον
Aorist passive
In the aorist there are special forms for the passive (same for 1st and 2nd).
Most verbs add a σ to the stem, nearly all add a θ (the mark of a passive-only form), then endings like a root aorist active
e.g. επαυσθην, -ης, -η, -ημεν, -ητε, -ησαν (I was stopped etc.)
Participle - παυσθεις, -εισα -εν, stem παυσθεντ- (having been stopped).
Future middle and passive
Future middle adds σ to the present stem, then uses the same endings as the present middle/passive, e.g. παυσομαι (I shall cease).
Future passive is formed from the aorist passive stem, also with these endings, e.g. παυσθησομαι (I shall be stopped).
Overview of participles
Greek has a full set of participles (active, middle and passive; present, future and aorist).
Active participles (and aorist passive ones) are 3-1-3 in declension; middles and other passives are 2-1-2.
Genitive absolute
A genitive absolute is an article + participle phrase in the genitive, separate from the grammar of the rest of the sentence, typically describing circumstances in which the action of the main clause took place.
future tense of ‘to be’
The future of ειμι is εσομαι (active meaning but middle form, with slight irregularity).
Active verbs with middle-form futures
A few verbs use middle forms for their future (with active meaning, and for no obvious reason), e.g. ακουω (I hear), ακουσομαι (I shall hear).
Deponent verbs with passive-form aorists
A few deponent verbs use passive rather than middle forms for their aorist, e.g. πορευομαι (I march), επορευθην (I marched).
The ‘other’ ειμι: I shall go
The irregular εἶμι (I shall go, used as the future of ερχομαι) needs to be carefully distinguished from ειμι (I am). *note the accent difference
It has infinitve ιεναι and participle ιων, both usually with present sense (to go, going).
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns (with no nominative) are:
First person εμαυτον, plural ημας αυτους.
Second person σεαυτον, plural υμας αυτους.
Third person εαυτον, plural εαυτους.
Third person possessives
Third possesives are the genitive of pronouns (with gender of the possesor), rather than adjectives.
Both have the article (not translated): the reflexive version (e.g. εαυτου) is sandwiched, the non reflexive (e.g. αυτου) is not.
Future infinitives
Future infinitives are:
Active παυσειν (to be about to stop)
Middle παυσεσθαι (to be about to cease)
Passive παυσθησεσθαι (to be about to be stopped)
The verbs ελπιζω (I hope) and μελλω (I intend) are followed by a future infinitive to reinforce their meaning.
Compound negatives
As well as ουδεις -εμια -εν (no one, nothing, no) and ουδεποτε (never), note the paired ουτε…ουτε (neither…nor)
Chapter eight vocab-
αισθανομαι, ησθομην
αποκρινομαι, απεκριναμην
αριστος -η -ον
αρχη -ης
αρχω, ηρξα
αρχομαι, ηρξαμην
βια -ας
βουλομαι, εβουληθην
γε
γιγνομαι, εγενομην
γλωσσα -ης
δεχομαι, εδεξαμην
εαυτον, εαυτην, εαυτο
εαυτους, εαυτας, εαυτα
ειμι
ιεναι
ιων, ιουσα, ιον (ιοντ-)
ελπιζω, ηλπισα
εμαυτον, εμαυτην
ημας αυτους, ημας αυτας
επομαι, εσπομην
ερχομαι, ηλθον
εως
η….η
ηλεμων -ονος
ηδη
θυω, εθυσα
κακιστος -η -ον
λαθρα
μαχομαι, εμαχεσαμην
μελλω
οργιζομαι, ωργισθην
οτι
ου μονον…αλλα και
ουδεποτε
ουτε…ουτε
παυομαι, επαυσαμην
πειθομαι, επιθομην
πορευομαι, επορευθην
προβαλλω, προσεβαλον
πυνθανομαι, επυθομην
σεαυτον, σεαυτην
υμας αυτους, υμας αυτας
στρατια -ας
συμφορα -ας
τοτε
τυχη -ης
υστερον
φαινομαι, εφανην
χειμων -ωνος
Vocab -
I notice/percieve
I answer/reply
Best/very good
Rule/empire/beginning
I rule (+gen)
I begin
Force/violence
I wish/want
At least/at any rate
I become/happen
Tongue/langauge
I recieve
Himself, herself, itself (reflexive)
themselves (reflexive)
I shall go
To go
going
I hope (+fut inf)
Myself
Ourselves (reflexive)
I follow (+dat)
I come/go
While/until
Either..or
Leader
Already
I sacrifice
Worst/very bad
Secretly
I fight
I am about to/I intende to
I get angry
That
Not only…but also
never
Neither..nor
I cease/stop myself
I obey (+dat)
I march/travel
I attack (+dat)
I enquire/learn by enquiry
Yourself (reflexive)
Yourselves (reflexive)
Army
Disaster
Then/at that time
Luck (good or bad)/chance
Later
I appear/seem
Storm/winter
