Chapter Eleven Flashcards
Evaluation of resonance and velopharyngeal function begins with_______
perceptual speech assessment
Goals:
1.
2.
- To determine whether a speech/resonance disorder exists, and if so, the type, severity and possible cause
- To obtain enough information in order to make appropriate recommendations for treatment
In the first year speech pathologists should focus on:
- Feeding
- Language development
- Development of the prerequisites for speech
- Counseling parents regarding speech/language stimulation
Annual Screenings and Periodic Evaluations
A screening evaluation of speech/language skills should be done in early years:
At least…
At least…
A comprehensive evaluation of speech and resonance should be done around ____; a language evaluation should be done if ….
A ____and _____evaluation should be done before any surgery for VPI.
twice during first two years
annually until age 6
age 3; problems are suspected through screening or parent report
speech and resonance
Interview
Many good interview questions are listed in the book.
Rule of thumb:
If the caregiver is worried about speech, there is probably a valid reason for it.
Speech Samples
Single-word articulation test is _____.
We don’t ________
Single words …..
Target phoneme may be affected by _______
This kind of test is ______
Repetition of ______and ______is easier, faster and …..
For resonance and nasal emission, _______also provide information.
not advised
talk in single words.
place limited demands on the oral-motor system
phonemic context.
time-consuming.
syllables and sentences; provides more information
isolated sounds
Speech Samples for Informal Assessment
- Prolongation of sounds
- Repetition of syllables
- Repetition of sentences with pressure sensitive consonants
- Counting
- Connected Speech
Single Sounds
To test for hypernasality:
To test for nasal emission:
To test for hyponasality or cul-de-sac resonance:
Vowels, particularly low vowel /ɑ/ and high vowel /i/
Prolonged /s/
Prolonged /m/
Syllable Repetition
To test hypernasality and/or nasal emission (and to test articulation), use…
oral consonants with high and low vowels:
pɑ, pɑ, pɑ, pɑ, … tɑ, tɑ, tɑ, tɑ, … kɑ, kɑ, kɑ, kɑ, … sɑ, sɑ, sɑ, sɑ, … ʃɑ, ʃɑ, ʃɑ, ʃɑ, … etc.
pi, pi, pi, pi,… ti, ti, ti, ti,… ki, ki, ki, ki,… si, si, si, si,… ʃi, ʃi, ʃi, ʃi, … etc.
Syllable Repetition
To test for hyponasality,
use nasal consonants with high and low vowels
mɑ, mɑ, mɑ, mɑ, …
nɑ, nɑ, nɑ, nɑ, …
mi, mi, mi, mi,…
ni, ni, ni, ni, …
Sentence Repetition
p/b—Popeye plays baseball. t/d—Take Teddy to town. Do it for Daddy. k/g—Kate eats the cake. Go get the wagon. f/v—Fred has five fish. Drive the van. s/z—I see the sun in the sky. /ʃ/—She went shopping. /ʧ/—I ride a choo-choo train. /ʤ/—John told a joke to Jim. /r/—Run down the road. I have a red fire truck. /l/—Look at the lady. Blends—splash, sprinkle, street
Counting
To test nasal emission:
Count from 60 to 70
Repeat 60 or 66 over and over
66 = /sɪksti sɪks/
Good combination of plosives and fricatives in blends
Counting
To test hyponasality:
Count from 90 to 99
Repeat 99 over and over
Connected Speech
Connected speech increases ___________to achieve and maintain closure.
_______and ________is more obvious.
More ________can occur.
demand on VP valve
Hypernasality and nasal emission; nasal emission
articulation errors
What to Evaluate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
- Speech sound production
- Stimulability
- Nasal emission
- Weak consonants
- Short utterance length
6 Oral motor dysfunction - Resonance
- Phonation
Speech Sound Production
Need to determine the presence of the following:
1.
2.
3.
With structural anomalies, need to also determine presence of the following:
1.
2.
- Placement errors
- Phonological errors
- Developmental errors
- Obligatory errors
- Compensatory errors
Obligatory errors—
Compensatory errors—
articulation is normal, but the structural abnormality interferes; requires correction of structure only
articulation is altered due to structural abnormality; requires correction of structure and then correction of function through therapy
Obligatory Errors 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Hypernasality
- Nasalization of oral phonemes (m/b, n/d, ŋ/g)
- Weak or omitted consonants
- Nasal emission
- Short utterance length
Compensatory Errors
1.
2.
3.
Note:
- Glottal stops
- Pharyngeal fricatives
- Pharyngeal plosives
These can also be due to mislearning in the absence of VPI
Stimulability
Stimulability—
Need to determine…
Stimulability is…
the ability to correct an abnormal speech sound production when given minimal cues
whether change in placement eliminates nasal emission of hypernasality on that sound
a good prognostic indicator for improvement or correction with therapy
Nasal Emission
Need to determine the ____:
1.
2.
Need to determine ______
Need to determine whether …
type
- Characteristics of a large gap
- Characteristics of a small gap
consistency
nasal emission is phoneme specific
Nasal Emission
Large gap:
Usually _____or even ______to naked ear
Associated characteristics include:
1.
2.
3.
barely audible; inaudible
Weak or omitted consonants
Short utterance length
Nasal grimace
Nasal Emission
Small gap:
Usually in the form of _______
Can be due to …
a nasal rustle
abnormal structure or can be phoneme-specific due to use of glottal or pharyngeal articulation
Nasal Rustle Consistency
Nasal rustle can be due to…
To determine cause, _______must be tested.
abnormal structure or abnormal function.
consistency
