CHAPTER ELEVEN: PREJUDICE

Question 1

prejudice

Answer 1

negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members (attitude)

Question 2

stereotype

Answer 2

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people (generalization)

Question 3

discrimination

Answer 3

unjustifiable negative behaviour towards a group or its members (ie. racism or sexism)

Question 4

testing prejudice

Answer 4

• implicit association test (IAT)
• shows delayed responses when words confirm to stereotypes
• valid test

Question 5

racial prejudice

Answer 5

• subtle forms of prejudice (new society = new social norms)
• discrimination without awareness
• in reference to the faces diagram, you tend to see angry faces earlier in races that aren’t yours

Question 6

gender-based prejudice

Answer 6

• very strong
• gender stereotypes may support prejudice
• sexism: benevolent and hostile
• women as wonderful effect: when i see someone “unwomen” like it makes me angry

Question 7

LGBTQIA+ prejudice

Answer 7

• research is in desperation and behind
• job discrimination
• marriage support is mixed
• harassment
• rejection: community attitudes predict health (suicide, stress that leads to disease)

Question 8

social sources of prejudice

Answer 8

• social inequalities: justifying the status quo
• socialization
• institutional supports

Question 9

social sources of prejudice (social inequalities)

Answer 9

• unequal status breeds prejudice
• social dominance orientation: motivation to have one’s group dominant over others
• you cannot be liked and competent
• prejudice justifies inequality in status

Question 10

social sources of prejudice (socialization)

Answer 10

• the authoritarian personality: “i can do whatever but you have to follow me”
• religion and prejudice: religion is hypocritical
• conformity

Question 11

social sources of prejudice (institutional supports)

Answer 11

• photos, movies, news stories, music
• anything we consume fuels/maintains our prejudice

Question 12

motivational sources of prejudice

Answer 12

• frustration and aggression
• social identity theory: feeling superior to others
• motivation to avoid prejudice

Question 13

motivational sources of prejudice (frustration and aggression)

Answer 13

• the scapegoat theory: displaced aggression
• realistic group conflict theory: theory that prejudice arises from competition for scarce resources

Question 14

motivational sources of prejudice (social identity theory)

Answer 14

• social identity: the “we” aspect of our self-concept
• we categorize, identify, compare
• ingroups vs. outgroups

Question 15

motivational sources of prejudice (ingroup bias)

Answer 15

• tendency to favour one’s own group
• heightened when group is smaller and lower in status than outgroup
• minimal groups (small group surrounded by larger, we become concerned with our ingroup bias)
• basking in reflected glory

Question 16

motivational sources of prejudice (need for status, self-regard, belonging)

Answer 16

• mortality salience: “we’re all gonna die” drives our need to belong and leave our legacy
• terror management theory

Question 17

motivational sources of prejudice (motivation to avoid prejudice)

Answer 17

• difficulty of overcoming “the prejudice habit”
• internal: believe prejudice is wrong
• external: how they want others to see them
• motivated people can modify/surpress thoughts and actions to reduce prejudice

Question 18

cognitive sources of prejudice

Answer 18

categorization, distinctiveness, attributions

Question 19

categorization

Answer 19

• spontaneous categorization
• out-group homogeneity effect
• own-race bias
• system one thinking
• top-down vs bottom-up: seeing differences first vs. seeing group first

Question 20

out-group homogeneity effect

Answer 20

perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members

Question 21

own-race bias

Answer 21

tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

Question 22

distinctiveness

Answer 22

• distinctive people: fed self-consciousness; vivid cases (single cases become generalized think of girl in class who owns a snake and has tattoos)
• distinctive events: illusory correlation: false impression that two variables correlate

Question 23

attributions

Answer 23

• use them to keep our stereotypes in place
• group serving bias: explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviours
• attributing negative behaviours to the groups dispositions (while excusing such behaviour by one’s own group)

Question 24

just-world hypothesis

Answer 24

• the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
• not because they’re not concerned with justice but that they don’t believe there to be any at all

Question 25

self-perpetuating prejudgements

Answer 25

- prejudgements guide our attention and memories - whenever a member of a group behaves as expected, we duly note the fact that our prior belief is confirmed - subtyping - subgrouping

Question 26

subgrouping

Answer 26

accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

Question 26

subtyping

Answer 26

accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as a special category of people with different properties

Question 27

discrimination's impact

Answer 27

- the self-fulfilling prophecy: social beliefs = self confirming - distinctiveness and self-consciousness - stigma consciousness

Question 28

stereotype threat

Answer 28

- a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype - undermines performance: increases stress, self-monitoring (disrupts attention), suppressing unwanted thoughts/emotions (interfere with working memory)

Question 29

how to overcome prejudice

Answer 29

- through contact - through cooperation - reconciling group and superordinate identities

Question 30

overcoming prejudice: through contact

Answer 30

- contact predicts attitudes - mere exposure (ie. straight people become more accepting when exposed to gays and lesbians) - reduces anxiety, perceived threat - increases empathy/knowledge - get to know "different" people

Question 31

overcoming prejudice: through cooperation

Answer 31

- common external threats build cohesiveness ("all" working to benefit "all") - superordinate (increasing status/rank) goals foster cooperation - cooperative learning improves racial attitudes

Question 32

overcoming prejudice: by reconciling groups and superordinate identities

Answer 32

- bicultural: affirm both identities strong positive self-concept - marginal: neither strong ethnic nor mainstream identity often have low self-esteem