Chapter Four Flashcards

Question

Acculturative stress

Answer 1

Pressure that results from the demands placed on immigrant groups, indigenous peoples, and ethnic minorities to adjust to life in the mainstream culture Effects: 1. Increased risk of heavy drinking among women 2. Increased risk of smoking and sexual intercourse among adolescents 3. Increased risk of disturbed eating behaviors

Answer 2

Acculturation helps people adjust

Answer 3

Adjustment is marked by combining and identifying with traditional and host cultures

Answer 4

Immediately reduce the impact of the stressor (denial, withdrawing, wish fulfillment fantasies)

Answer 5

emotion focused coping problem focused coping

Answer 6

Examine the stressors and modify reactions to render them less harmful

Answer 7

If someone thinks they can get through something, they are going to be able to do so better than someone who doesn;t think that

Answer 8

A cluster or traits that may help people manage stress commitment; challenge; control optimism, social support, etc

Answer 9

full on, full go

Answer 10

change is normal

Answer 11

control of self and life

Answer 12

The belief that psychology should focus more of its efforts on the positive aspects of the human experiences, rather than just the deficit side of the human equation, such as problems of emotional disorders, drug abuse, and violence

Answer 13

→ Maladaptive reactions to identified stressors → characterized by emotional reactions greater than normally expected given the circumstances → impairment in functioning

Answer 14

- With depressed mood -Low mood, tearfulness, or feelings of hopelessness are predominant - With anxiety -Nervousness, worry, jitteriness, or separation anxiety is predominant - With mixed anxiety and depressed mood -A combination of depression and anxiety is predominant - With disturbance of conduct -Disturbance of conduct is predominant - With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct -Both emotional symptoms (depression/anxiety) and a disturbance of conduct are predominant - Unspecified -For maladaptive reaction that are not classifiable as one of the specific subtypes of adjustment disorder - Acute -This specifier can be used to indicate persistence of symptoms for less than 6 months - Persistent (chronic) -This specifier can be used to indicate persistence of symptoms for 6 months or longer. By definition, symptoms cannot persist for more than 6 months after the termination of the stressor or its consequences. The persistent specifere therefore applies when the duration of the disturbance is longer than 6 months in response to a chronic stressor or to a stressor that has enduring consequences

Answer 15

A. The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in responses to an identifiable stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s) B. These symptoms behaviors are clinically significant, as evidenced by one or both of the following: a. Marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor, taking into account the external context and the cultural factors that might influence symptom severity and presentation b. Significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning C. The stress-related disturbance does not meet the criteria for another mental disorder and is not merely an exacerbation of a preexisting mental disorder D. The symptoms do not represent normal bereavement and are not better explained by prolonged grief disorder E. Once the stressor or its consequences have terminated, the symptoms do not persist for more than an additional 6 months

Answer 16

“Psychological trauma is the unique individual experience of an event, a series of events, or a set of enduring conditions, in which: - The individual’s ability to integrate his or her emotional experience is overwhelmed and/or - The individual experiences (subjectively) a threat to life, bodily integrity, or sanity.” What is traumatic depends on our own vulnerability What is traumatic for one may not be traumatic for another

Answer 17

Frightened or frightening parenting Exposure to domestic violence, witnessing violence Parental fighting Words of fighting/violence Threatening words and behavior Secondary effects of parental PTSD Holocaust survivor and their adult children Accidents, medical crises, surgery, invasive procedures Death of a parent or parent figure

Answer 18

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways: - Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s) - Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others - Learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend - In cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental - Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure too aversive details of the traumatic event(s) - Eg. first responders, police officers, etc - Note this does not apply to exposure through media, tv, movies or pictures, unless this exposure is work related

Answer 19

Avoidance of or efforts to *avoid distress*ing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s) Avoidance of or efforts to *avoid external reminders* (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s)

Answer 20

1. Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive *distressing memories* of the traumatic event(s) - In children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the traumatic event(s) are expressed 2. Recurrent *distressing dreams* in which the content and/or affect of the dream are related to the event(s) - In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content 3. *Dissociative reactions* (flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic event(s) were recurring - Such reactions may occur on a continuum, with the most extreme expression being a complete loss of awareness of present surroundings - In children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur in play 4. Intense or prolonged psychological *distress* or marked physiological reactions *in response to internal or external cues* that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s) 5. Marked *psychological reactions to internal or external cues* that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s) - Only in PTSD

Answer 21

1. *Inability to remember an important aspect* of the traumatic event(s) - Typically due to dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol, or drugs 2. *Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs* or expectations about oneself, others, or the world - (e.g., “I am bad,” “no one can be trusted,” “the world is completely dangerous”) 3. Persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the traumatic event(s) that lead the individual to blame himself/herself or others 4. Persistent *negative emotional state* - Fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame 5. Markedly *diminished interest or participation* in significant activities 6. Feelings of *detachment* or estrangement from others 7. Persistent inability to experience positive emotions - Inability to experience happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings - e.g. - Only one required in Adjustment Dx

Answer 22

1. *Irritable behavior* and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation) typically expressed as verbal or physical aggression toward people or objects 2. *Reckless or self-destructive* behavior 3. *Hypervigilance* 4. Exaggerated *startle* response 5. *Problems with concentration* 6. *Sleep disturbance* - E.g., difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless sleep

Answer 23

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more categories B. Presence of nine (or more) of the symptoms from any of the five categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred C. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criterion B) is 3 days to 1 month after trauma exposure - Note: symptoms typically begin immediately after the trauma, but persistence for at least 3 days and up to a month is needed to meet disorder criteria D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., medication or alcohol) or another medical condition (e.g., mild traumatic brain injury) and is not better explained by brief psychotic disorder

Answer 24

A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more categories B. *One or more* of the *intrusion* symptoms C. *One or both* of the *avoidance* symptoms D. *Two or more* of the *negative mood* symptoms E. *Two or more* of the *arousal* symptoms F. Duration is *more than one month* G. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning H. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., medication, alcohol) or another medical condition

Answer 25

With dissociative symptoms: The individual’s symptom meet the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, and in addition, in response to the stressor, the individual experiences persistent or recurrent symptoms of either of the following: ------ A. Depersonalization - Persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from, and as if one were an outside observer of, one’s mental processes or body (e.g., feeling as though one were in a dream; feeling a sense of unreality of self or body or of time moving slowly) ------- B. Derealization - Persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality of surroundings (e.g., the world around the individual is experienced as unreal, dreamlike, distant, or distorted) - To use this subtype, the dissociative symptoms must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., blackouts, behavior during alcohol intoxication) or another medical condition (e.g., complex partial seizures) Specify if: With delayed expression: if the full diagnostic criteria are not met until at least 6 months after the event (although the onset and expression of some symptoms may be immediate)

Answer 26

Activity in the hippocampus is inhibited under threat, and the frontal cortex fails to witness the experience

Answer 27

Feeling memories, sensory memories, muscle memories, autonomic memories provide the record of what happened divorced from a narrative that could explain them

Answer 28

Since the amygdala is the brain’s”smoke detector”, the result is sensation to even subtle reminders of the traumatic event

Answer 29

Occurs when traumatic experiences were invoked by attachment figures, exhibiting one’s social engagement system from being a source of safety What happens when ‘the bear’ is your caregiver?

Answer 30

polyvagal theory (ANS) learning theory (conditioning)

Answer 31

neurocognitive/memory storage

Answer 32

Traumatic experience as the unconditioned stimuli paired with neural senses (conditioned stimulus) Avoidance behaviors can be negatively reinforced as they result in relief from anxiety

Answer 33

Attachment/co-regulation work CBT Sensorimotor psychotherapy/limbic system therapy EMDR “Bottom up” vs top down”

Answer 34

Safety and stabilization Coming to terms with traumatic memory Integration and meaning making

Chapter Four Flashcards

Stress-Related Disorders (58 cards)