Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Chapter Four - Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Class Notes > Flashcards

Chapter Four - Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Class Notes Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cellular injury occurs

A

If cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
-reversible = cell recovers
-irreversible = cell dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atrophy

A

Dec in cellular size

Physio- occurs in early development, thymus gland during childhood
Patho-occurs with dec in stimulation and use, such as aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size in response to mechanical stimuli

Physio- heart and skeletal muscles
Patho- associated with structural and functional changes,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

Physio- response to injury
Patho-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cell with another
-chronic injury or irritation
-reversible replacement

-after/behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cellular growth
-persistent severe injury or irritation
-usually found in epithelial tissue of cervix and respiratory tract

-bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Most common cause of cellular injury

-lack of sufficient oxygen within cells
-loss of hemoglobin
-decreased production of RBC
-R and CV disease
-poisoning of oxidative enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disuse atrophy

A

Immobilized in bed for prolonged period of time causing skeletal atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mechanisms of atrophy

A

-decreased protein synthesis
-inc protein catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autophagy

A

Atrophy resulting from chronic malnutrition
-self eating process creating autophagic vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Compensatory hyperplasia

A

Adaptive mechanism, enabling certain organs to regenerate

-removal of part of liver, begin to compensate for loss (removal of 70% of liver, regeneration is complete in two weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormonal hyperplasia

A

Occurs in chiefly estrogen dependant organs
-uterus and breast
-estrogen stimulates endometrium to growth and thicken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathological hyperplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation
-pathological endometrial hyperplasia, causing excessive menstraul bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply
-most common cause of hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reduced O2 to mitochondria

A

-reduced production of ATP = reduction of cellular energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ischemia reperfusion injury

A

Additional injury caused by restoration of boood flow and oxygen

-oxidative stress, inc IC calcium, inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cellular response to ischemia

A

-decrease in ATP

-Causing failure of sodium potassium pump and sodium calcium exchange

-cellular swelling and shrinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Free radicals

A

Missing an electron and will attack healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron
-highly reactive + risk of chain reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

common causes of ischemia injury

A

Gradual narrowing of arteries, or completely blockage by blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oxidative stress (ischemia repperfusion injury)

A

(·OH), (·O2-), (H2O2)
-not producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inflammation

A

Ischemia injury inc inflammation because resident immmune cells release danger signals from cytokines when cells die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do free radicals develop

A

Within cells, first by reduction oxidation in normal metabolic processes
-natural byproduct of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxidative stress

A

Not producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals
-major role in chronic and degenerative ailments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Too many free radicals =

A

Oxidative stress and damage to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
We’re okay if we have enough
Antioxidants to fix free radicals
26
How do antioxidants work
Neutralize free radicals -have an atom to give away and balance them out
27
inc accumulation of H+ in mitochondria =
breakdown of membrane = inc in IC H+ = loss of mem potential = NECROSIS
28
Hypoxic injury
29
Reactive oxygen species
Healthy atoms that have lost an atom due to a free radical
30
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having unpaired electron
31
ROS
Subset of free radicals that contain oxygen
32
Three things free radicals cause
1. Lipid per oxidation (free radicals attack lipids, like membrane) 2. Alteration of proteins (desaturation) 3. Alteration of DNA (mutation)
33
Xenobiotic
Substance foreign to the body
34
Lead
Most common overexposure found in industry -houses with older pain = Pb dust = inhaled -BBB in fetus is immature and vulnerable to lead poisoning
35
Carbon monoxide
Odourless, colourless, non irritating -causes Hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation = CO attaches to RBC with higher affinity than O2
36
Ethanol (alcohol)
-liver damage -nutritional deficiencies (magnesium, VB6) -absorbed in stomach, then distributed to body tissues and fluids
37
J shaped effect of alcohol consumption
-light to moderate drinks = lower mortality than non drinkers -heavy drinkers = high mortality
38
Mechanism for light to moderate drinkers
-decreased LDL levels -Dec BP -decreased atherosclerosis
39
Mercury
Recognized as a global threat to human and environmental health
40
Over the counter and prescribed medications
-chemical injury is a major limitation to medication therapy -leading cause of child poisonings
41
Direct damage of the medications to cell (on target toxicity)
Chemicals and medications injure cells by combining directly with critical molecular substances -chemotherapeutic medications
42
Hypersensitivity reactions
Range from mild skin rashes to immune mediated organ failure
43
Asphyxiation
Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
44
Suffocation
Systemic hypoxia -no air exchange
45
Strangulation
Compression -closure of airway -causing cerebral hypoxia
46
Drowning
Fluid fills lungs -no oxygen exchange -fluid can pass thru alveolar/capillary interface = massive fluid and electrolyte changes in blood
47
Chemical asphyxiation
Prevention of oxygen delivery to cells or its utilization
48
Carbon monoxide binds to
Hb in same positions as oxygen
49
Treatment for carbon monoxide
Hyperbaric chamber
50
Cyanide
Blocks utilization of oxygen at electron transport chain, which leads to cardiac arrest
51
Jones town
Cult members forced to drink cyanide laced fluid -900 people died
52
Contusion
Crushing injury to muscle -mild, causes bruising
53
Laceration
Irregular cut from tearing -irregular edges
54
Incision
Sharp strait wound
55
Fracture
Broken or shattered bones
56
Incised wound
Wound is longer than it is deep
57
Stab wound
Wound deeper than it is long
58
Puncture wound
Sharp point but not sharp edges
59
Infectious injury
Invasion of a pathogen -bacterium, virus or other microorganism -disease producing potential
60
What are the disease producing potentials of pathogen
-invasion and destruction -toxin production -production of hyper immune reactions
61
Apoptosis
Cell death that occurs as normal controlled part of an organisms growth and development -orderly, broken into sections, taken by immune system
62
Autophagy
Consumption of a cells own contents for fuel to oppose starvation and certain diseases
63
Necrosis
Swelling and bursting of cell membrane -due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply -cellular level
64
Coagulation necrosis (kidney and heart) is caused by
Ischemia or infarction -obstruction of blood supply causing death of cell
65
Ischemic cells can be revived if
Oxygen supplied within twenty minutes
66
Coagulation is the result of
Protein desaturation
67
Caseous necrosis (lungs)
Dead tissue resemble clumped cheese (soft and granular)
68
Caseous necrosis caused by
Tuberculosis
69
Danger of caseous
Dead cells enveloped by other cells -increased mall = Dec lung space
70
Liquefactive necrosis (brain)
Ischemic injury to neurons and glia cells -transforms tissue into liquid causes infarction
71
Liquefactive necrosis is caused by
Strep. Or E.coli
72
Infarction
Blockage of blood supply causing death of cell
73
Fatty necrosis (breasts and abdominal organs)
Action of lipases -usually harmless, often left alone and let body absorb it
74
Gangrenous necrosis
Severe Hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg -becomes medium for bacterial growth (anaerobic)
75
Gas gangrene
Due to clostridium (anaerobic bacteria) -produces gas -fatal if it enters blood and dismisses oxygen carrying capacity of RBC
76
Oncosis
Cell death due to swelling
77
Process of oncosis (diagram)
78
Cellular aging
Atrophy, decreased function and loss of cells
79
Tissue and systemic aging
Progressive stiffness and rigidity -sarcopenia
80
Sarcopenia
Progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength Sarco= flesh Penia = decreased
81
Frailty
Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures and bone density

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions