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Health Psychology 335A > Chapter Fourteen:
 Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter Fourteen:
 Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Def: Psychoneuroimmunology

A

interactions among different processes of adaptation.
Includes: behavioral, neuroendocrine, & immunological

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2
Q

Def: immune system

A

Distinguishes between what is self & what is foreign.
Attacks & rids the body of foreign invaders

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3
Q

Def: Natural Immunity

A

generalized defense against pathogens.

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4
Q

Def: Specific Immunity

A

response to a specific invader.

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5
Q

Immune Functioning research has looked at &….

A

Assesses the functioning of immune cells
Assesses the production of antibodies to latent viruses
Assessing levels of immune system products
Using indirect measures

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6
Q

“Levels of _______ to these latent viruses constitute a measure of how _____ the immune system is functioning”.

A

antibodies, well

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7
Q

How do researchers use healing or tape striping to study immune functioning?

A

Wounds typically heal quicker when it’s functioning at a fast rate.
By using this, researchers make a small wound, and then they look at how fast the wound heals over.
This requires a sort of “waxing” technique but with no wax to see how fast the skin heals

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8
Q

Stress + Immunity:

A

Different kinds of stressors require different kinds of defenses
Maximally efficient immune responses to any situation entails costs
Immediate short term stressors produces a pattern of immune responses
Brief stressors lead to a shift from cellular immunity & toward humoral immunity
Chronically stressful events have adverse effects

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9
Q

Health risks of stress:

A

Increased vulnerability to infectious diseases
Stress predicts more severe illness & higher production of cytokines among ppl who are already sick
Autoimmune disorders are affected by stress

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10
Q

Studies on stress…

A

Studies show the relation of stress to immune functioning has a variety of naturalistic stressors.
Involves the effects of natural disasters & other traumas on immune functioning.
Indicates that self-related emotions could cause an increase in inflammation processes.

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11
Q

Stress ____________ immune functioning

A

compromises

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12
Q

Depression is associated with…

A

Decrease in cellular immunity
Prolonged inflammatory responses
Delayed wound healing
Sleep disturbance

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13
Q

Positivity is linked to _______ wound healing.

A

quick

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14
Q

Stress + Immune functioning + relationships = what?

A

Lonely ppl have worse health & immunocompromise
Ppl with insecure attachments to others show lower natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity
Chronic interpersonal stress predicts inflammatory activity over time

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15
Q

Marital status + stress + immune functioning = what?

A

Separated & divorced women show worse immune functioning
Partner violence has been tied to adverse changes in immune functioning
Risks are higher for women than men.
Marital issues are tied to adverse changes in immunity.

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16
Q

Caregiving + immune functioning + stress = what???

A

Stressful for ppl who provides care for a friend or family member with a long term illness
Caregivers that experience emotional distress might be at risk for adverse effects on the immune system.
May also be exposed to infection due to high cortisol.

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17
Q

Protective effects of psychosocial resources:

A

Social support provides a buffer against adverse immune change in response to stress
Resources (money) limits deterioration in immune functioning.

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18
Q

Optimism + immune functioning = what??

A

Important influence on stress related stress & immune changes

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19
Q

Personal control or benefit finding:

A

Ppl who consider stressors as uncontrollable show adverse immune effects
Factors that have beneficial effects on immune functioning
Prioritizing goals
Emphasizing relationships, personal growth, & ones’ meaning in life

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20
Q

Relaxation + stress + immune functioning = what?

A

Mutes the effects of stress on the immune system
Interventions have significant effects on the immune system & on health outcomes

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21
Q

Def: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

spreads bc of the high rate of extramarital sex, lack of condom use, & high rate of gonorrhea

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22
Q

Def: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):

A

attacks helper T cells & macrophages of the immune system
HIV causes rapid growth in the first few weeks while the infection spreads throughout the body.

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23
Q

HIV after _____weeks, viral growth is gradual. Compromises the immune system by killing off the helper T cells. Creates a vulnerability to opportunistic ___________ which leads to the diagnosis of AIDS.

A

3-6 , infections

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24
Q

Def: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

A

combo of antiretroviral meds
Reduces sexual transmission if initiated early
Drugs need to be taken regularly to be effective

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25
Depression + HIV + psychosocial impacts = what??
Interventions that reduce depression are beneficial & so can bereavement counseling. Those with avoidant coping mechanisms have more severe HIV symptoms
26
___________ is a major barrier to controlling the spread of HIV infection
Nondisclosure
27
Ppl with _______ social support networks are _______ likely to disclose their HIV illness
strong, more
28
Those with HIV…
Use more CAM strategies. Undergo positive changes to their lives almost immediately. May start dieting, getting more exercise, reducing or stopping smoking, eliminating or slowing down drug use.
29
Benefits of disclosure:
Receiving social support Positive health consequences More CD4 & helper cells than non-disclosure Those with lots of social support will most likely disclose Disclosure can have health benefits
30
Majority of women with HIV depend on social services & ________ to survive. Resulting in depression can ________ the disease.
medicaid, worsen
31
Many women with HIV make ________ changes to their lives to make it better.
drastic
32
Interventions to reduce the risk of HIV:
Use a fucking condom + birth control Get tested Refrain from too much sex Don’t share needles for anything
33
Role of HIV education:
Educating the target population abt risky activity Providing info abt HIV infection & modes of transmission Addressing false beliefs & myths Effective means of secondary prevention for HIV positive individuals Culturally sensitive interventions fare better
34
Sex Negotiation Skills:
Important in interventions with high-risk groups Focus interventions on building self-efficacy for practicing safe sex Increase motivation for at-risk groups to change their risk-related behavior
35
HIV education for adolescents:
Warns them abt the risks of unprotected sex Helps instill safe sex practices
36
Stage model of behavior change - guides interventions to _______ safe sex practices & interventions that address the _______ surrounding sex are needed.
increase, norms
37
CBIs + HIV education:
Guiding framework for many interventions Can be directed to health behaviors Reduce risk related sexual behavior Maintain adherence Reduce viral load
38
Hindrance factors & targeting adherence for HIV education:
Stress & alcohol use Practice issues related to poverty
39
Contributing factors for targeting adherence with HIV education:
Psychosocial resources Motivational training Interventions that enhance social support Text messaging
40
Reducing risky injection practices:
Info abt AIDS transmission Needle exchange programs Instruction on how to sterilize needles Methadone maintenance treatments, coupled with HIV related education on ch, reduces the spread of AIDS.
41
Coping skills for positive status & HiV & AIDS:
Coping effectiveness training Perceiving that one has control over as stressor Written disclosure
42
Social support for those with HIV & AIDS...
Tied to greater adherence & lower viral load Support from family helps prevent depression
43
Factors that increase disease progression:
Negative beliefs abt the self & the future Depression Stress Trauma Psychological inhibition
44
Factors that decrease disease progression:
Optimism Active coping Extraversion Conscientiousness Spirituality
45
Def: cancer
results from the dysfunction in DNA DNA also controls cell growth & reproduction of new cells
46
Interventions help _______ risk factors & improve coping
reduce
47
Why is Cancer hard to study?
Causes, symptoms, & treatment for each cancer varies Many cancers have long or irregular growth cycles It might be difficult to identify precipitating or co-occurring risk factors
48
Factors linked to cancers:
Genetics Ethnicity Culture & lifestyle SES Marital status Dietary factors
49
Stress + Cancer:
Specific type of stress might affect the onset & course of cancer Absence of close family ties in childhood predicts some cancers Absence of a current social support network worsens the course of illness Women who are socially isolated are at greater risk of dying Major social stressors like divorce, infidelity, or financial issues can increase the risk for cervical cancer in women.
50
Psychosocial factors & the course of cancer:
Avoidance has been tied to a more rapid course of the disease Depression can progress & spread the impact of other risk factors Progression might be related to use of denial or repressive coping strategies Altering functioning of the HPA axis & sympathetic stress systems permit cancer to flourish
51
Coping with the physical limitations of cancer:
Stem from pain & discomfort Fatigue & compromised nutrition
52
Treatment related issues with cancer:
Removal of organs in surgical treatment Side effects of chemo
53
Cancer interventions involving stress & stress __________ all illnesses & cancers
aggravates
54
Issues involving social support with cancer:
Strong marital relationship is important Young kids might show fear or distress over a parent’s prognosis
55
Some patients report that they experience growth in ________ relationships since their _______ of cancer
personal, diagnosis
56
Growth experiences may mute _______________ stress responses. Has a ___________ effect on the immune system.
neuroendocrine, beneficial
57
Interventions for cancer:
Cognitive-behavioral approaches to cancer-related issues are very important MBSRIs help a lot Major target is improving health behaviors Writing interventions result in fewer symptoms & fewer medical appointments
58
CBT + Cancer = what??
Focuses on reducing depression & developing good coping skills
59
Family therapy for cancer is stemmed from __________ support from the family
emotional
60
Support groups for cancer patients allows the patients to _______ their emotional concerns
share
61
For cancer, it’s best to focus on social support ________.
early on
62
Cancer ________ one’s sex drive.
reduces
63
Some ppl with cancer say that their lives have __________ in ways that matter.
improved
64
Def: rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
affects the small joints of the hands & feet, wrists, knees, ankles, & neck Brought on by an autoimmune process Main complications are pain, limitations in activities, & dependency
65
Stress + RA = what???
Plays a role in development & aggravation Role of the spouse is essential to successful disease management
66
Treatment for RA:
Aspirin, rest, & supervised exercise CBTs Mindfulness interventions
67
Def: Osteoarthritis (OA)
articular cartilage begins to crack or wear away due to overuse, injury, or some other cause. Affects the weight bearing joints
68
Depression can _______ the pain & distress of osteoarthritis
elevate
69
Treatment of osteoarthritis:
Keeping one’s weight down & taking aspirin & other painkillers
70
Def: Type I Diabetes
autoimmune disorder characterized by the abrupt onset of symptoms. Results from lack of insulin production by the beta cells inside the pancreas Might appear following a viral infection & probably has a genetic background
71
Symptoms of Type I Diabetes:
Frequent urination & unusual thirst Excessive fluid consumption & fatigue Weight loss, weakness, irritability & nausea Uncontrollable craving for food Fainting Untreated conditions can result in a coma
72
Glucose levels should be monitored ________ for Type I diabetes & action should be taken if required.
daily
73
For Type I diabetes - Active involvement of the patient in the treatment process is ________ to success - needs to take regular _________ injections as much as dietary ________ & weight control by exercise
essential, insulin, control
74
Low adherence + Type I diabetes:
Severe complication aren’t evidence of 15-20 years after onset Failure to self-monitor blood glucose level Active coping strategies help manage type I diabetes
75
It’s best to share treatment _______ with your physician bc it'll improve ___________
goals, treatment
76
Special issues of adolescent diabetics:
Restrictions inconsistent with development are imposed May be stigmatized by peers
77
Issues with the parents that have an adolescent with diabetes:
Infantilize them Convince them that they are normal.
78
Health psychologists can help _________ adjustment & ___________.
improve, adherence

Health Psychology 335A (14 decks)

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