Chapter I Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Psychology evolved out of _______ and _______.
A
Philosophy, Biology
2
Q
Psychology is the scientific study of _______ and __________ ____________.
A
behavior, mental processes
3
Q
TRUE or FALSE
Overt means outward actions, reactions;
Covert means internal, mental processes
A
TRUE.
4
Q
Psychology practices PRECISE and CAREFUL measurement to prevent ________ _________ from leading to ________ observations.
A
possible biases,
faulty
5
Q
What are Psychology’s 4 goals?
A
Description
Explanation
Prediction
Control
6
Q
[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“What is happening?’
A
Description
7
Q
[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“Why is it happening?”
+ theories (general explanation of a set of observations or facts)
A
Explanation
8
Q
[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“Will it happen again?”
A
Prediction
9
Q
[Psychology’s 4 Goals]
“How can it be changed?”
A
Control
10
Q
____________ is focused on the STRUCTURE or BASIC ELEMENTS of the mind.
A
Structuralism
11
Q
Who is the father of Psychology?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
12
Q
He developed the technique of OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION (the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and cognition).
A
Wilhelm Wundt
13
Q
The first psychology lab was built when and where?
A
1879, Germany
14
Q
Who are the contributors of STRUCTURALISM?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
Margaret Washburn
15
Q
Who is Margaret Washburn?
A
Titchener’s student, first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology
16
Q
__________ : how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
A
Functionalism
17
Q
________ ________ proposed functionalism.
A
William James
18
Q
Who was denied a Ph.D. because she was a woman?
A
Mary Whiton Calkins
19
Q
“Good figure” Psychology
A
Gestalt Psychology
20
Q
__________ started Gestalt Psychology. He studied SENSATION and PERCEPTION.
A
Wertheimer
21
Q
Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of _______ psychology.
A
cognitive (Cognitive Psychology - not only perception but also on learning, memory, cognition, and problem solving)
22
Q
[Situation] The eye tends to “fill in” the blanks hereand sees both figures as circles rather than a series of dots or a broken line.
A
Gestalt Perception
23
Q
___________ : theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
A
Psychoanalysis
24
Q
Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause hence he proposed the existence of an ___________ mind into which we repress our urges and desires.
A
unconscious (unaware)
25
Sigmund Freud stressed the importance of _______ _________ experiences.
early childhood
26
___________ is the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.
—must be directly seen and measured
Behaviorism
27
Who are the contributors of Behaviorism?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Mary Cover Jones
28
According to Ivan Pavlov, _________ can occur with new and unrelated stimulus.
reflex
(He conditioned dogs to salivate to metronome.)
29
Behaviorism was proposed by ___________ based on the work of Ivan Pavlov (reflex could be learned).
John B. Watson
30
Watson believed that ________ were learned. (Case of “Little Albert” : baby taught to fear a white rat)
phobias
31
TRUE or FALSE
In Psychology, “conditioning” also means “learning/teaching”
TRUE
32
____________ is an early pioneer in behavior therapy who proposed COUNTERCONDITIONING.
Mary Cover Jones
33
Modern Perspectives (7)
Psychodynamic Perspective
Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Biopsychological Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective
34
[Modern Perspectives]
The modern version of psychoanalysis.
More focused on the development of a SENSE OF SELF and the discovery of MOTIVATIONS behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations.
Psychodynamic Perspective
35
[Modern Perspectives]
One contributor is B.F. Skinner who studied OPERANT conditioning of VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR.
Behavioral Perspective
36
Skinner introduced the concept of _________ to behaviorism.
reinforcement
37
[Modern Perspectives]
“People have free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny.”
Humanistic Perspective
38
[Modern Perspective]
—emphasizes the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be
Humanistic Perspective
39
What is ‘self-actualization’?
Achieving one’s full potential or ‘actual self’
40
[Modern Perspectives]
Who are the early founders of Humanistic Perspective?
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
41
[Modern Perspectives]
—focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.
Cognitive Perspective
42
[Modern Perspectives]
—focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Sociocultural Perspective
43
[Modern Perspectives]
—attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body such as GENETIC INFLUENCES, HORMONES, and the ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Biopsychological Perspective
44
[Modern Perspectives]
—focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all human share
—looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does
—behavior seen as having an adaptive or survival value
Evolutionary Perspective
45
Types of Psychological Professionals
Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric Social Worker
46
The ________ _________ is the system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.
Scientific Method
47
Name the 5 steps in the scientific method (x Psychology)
1. Perceive the question.
2. Form a hypothesis.
3. Test the hypothesis.
4. Draw conclusions.
5. Report your results.
48
Why is important that others REPLICATE or REPEAT the study or experiment to see whether the same results are obtained?
To demonstrate the RELIABILITY of results.
49
Name the Descriptive Methods. (4)
Naturalistic Observation
Laboratory Observation
Case Study
Surveys
50
[Descriptive Methods]
—watching humans or animals behave in their normal environment
Naturalistic Observation
51
[Descriptive Methods]
State the advantages and disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation.
Advantage: realistic picture of behavior
Disadvantage: Observer Effect, (tendency of people/animals to behave differently when they know they are being observed)
Observer Bias (tendency of observers to see what they expect to see)
52
—to reduce observer effect, this is a naturalistic observation in which the OBSERVER becomes a PARTICIPANT in the group being observed
Participant Observation
53
—to reduce observer bias, these are people who do not know what the research question is
Blind Observers
54
[Descriptive Methods]
—watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting
Laboratory Observation
55
[Descriptive Methods]
State the advantages and disadvantages of Laboratory Observation
Advantages: control over experiment,
allows use of specialized equipment
Disadvantage: artificial situation may lead to artificial behavior
56
Descriptive Methods lead to the formation of ____________ ____________.
testable hypotheses
57
[Descriptive Methods]
—study on one individual in GREAT DETAIL
Case Study
58
[Descriptive Methods]
Name the advantages and disadvantages of conducting a CASE STUDY.
Advantage: tremendous amount of detail
Disadvantage: cannot apply to others
59
[Descriptive Methods]
A famous case study:
Phineas Gage (survived a traumatic brain injury; an iron rod shot through his skull and obliterated greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain.)
60
[Descriptive Methods]
—researchers ask a series of questions about the topic under study
Surveys
61
[Descriptive Methods]
State the advantages and disadvantages of Surveys.
Advantages: data from large number of people
-study covert behavior
Disadvantages:
- people are not always accurate (COURTESY BIAS)
-researchers have to ensure representative sample or the results are not meaningful
62
A ___________ sample is a randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.
representative
63
_____________ : the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested
population
64
It is anything that can change or vary.
Variable
65
____________ - measure of the relationship between two variables
Correlation
66
The correlation coefficient (r) represents two things. What are these?
direction of the relationship,
strength of the relationship
67
Correlation coefficient ranges from ________ to __________.
-1.00 to 1.00
68
TRUE or FALSE.
The closer to +1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the relationship between the variables.
TRUE
69
TRUE or FALSE.
0.00 means no correlation, while
-1.00 or +1.00 means perfect correlation
TRUE
70
_________ correlation : variables are related in the same direction
positive
71
________ correlation : variables are related in opposite direction
negative
72
Does correlation PROVE causation?
NO.
73
—a deliberate manipulation of variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing determination of cause-and-effect relationships
Experiment
74
—definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
Operational Definition
75
—the variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
e.g. violent TV
Independent Variable (IV)
76
—the variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
e.g. aggressive play
Dependent Variable (DV)
77
—subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
e.g. experimental group: watch TV
Experimental Group
78
—subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive placebo effect (controls for confounding variables)
e.g. no TV
Control Group
79
—the process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
—controls for confounding variables
Random Assignment
80
Confounding Variables are _________, ________ Variables
Extraneous, Interfering
81
—the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
Placebo Effect
82
—subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces placebo effect)
Single-blind study
83
—tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.
Experimenter Effect
84
—neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect)
Double-blind study
85
—the participants are “blind” to the treatment they receive
Single-blind study
86
[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.
Knowing that other people might think one’s success in school is due to athletic ability rather than intelligence can make an athlete perform poorly on an academic test.
Hypothesis
87
[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.
1. timing of “high threat” question
2. test scores
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
88
[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.
—answered “high threat” question before taking the test
—answered “high threat” question after taking the test
Experimental Group
Control Group
89
[Real Experiment] Name what is being described.
Those who asked the “high threat” question before the intellectual test scored significantly lower on that test.
Results-supported hypothesis
90
—making reasoned judgments about claims
Critical Thinking
91
Group of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it accordingly to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study.
Institutional Review Boards
92
TRUE or FALSE.
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
The rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to Science.
TRUE
93
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation.
TRUE
94
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
Deception MUST be justified.
TRUE
95
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
Participants are not allowed to withdraw from the study at any time.
FALSE. They MAY.
96
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks.
TRUE
97
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
Investigators must debrief participants, telling them the true nature of the study and their expectations regarding the results.
TRUE
98
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
Data must remain confidential.
TRUE
99
TRUE or FALSE
[Common Ethical Guidelines]
If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the researcher IS NOT responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting these consequences.
FALSE. The researcher IS responsible.
100
_________ ___________ answers questions we could never investigate with human research.
Animal Research
101
TRUE or FALSE
[Ethics in Animal Research]
The focus is on avoiding exposing animal subjects to unnecessary pain or suffering.
TRUE
102
Animals are used in approximately ______ percent of psychological studies.
7 (seven)
103
What are the 4 basic criteria/principles of critical thinking?
1. There are very “few truths” that do not need to be subjected to testing.
2. All evidence is not equal in quality.
3. Just because someone is considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not make everything that person claims automatically true.
4. Critical thinking requires an open mind.
104
PAP was founded on ______.
1962
105
Psychology was first offered here in the Philippines where and when?
UST, 17th Century
106
R.A. 10029
Philippine Psychology Act
March 16,2010 (Gloria Macapagal Arroyo)
107
R.A. 11036
Mental Health Act — optimal mental healthcare in Ph
June 21, 2018 (Rodrigo Roa Duterte)
