Chapter Nine

Question 1

Dietary Energy Consumption

Answer 1

The amount of food that an individual consumes.

Question 2

Food security

Answer 2

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Question 3

Undernourishment

Answer 3

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

Question 4

Cereal Grain

Answer 4

A grass that yields grain for food.

Question 5

Grain

Answer 5

The seed from a cereal grass.

Question 6

Agriculture

Answer 6

The deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

Question 7

Crop

Answer 7

Any plant cultivated by people.

Question 8

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 8

The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

Question 9

Columbian Exchange

Answer 9

The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.

Question 10

Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 10

The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.

Question 11

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 11

The production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.

Question 12

Cash Crop

Answer 12

Crops that are grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.

Question 13

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 13

A form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers must extend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Question 14

Double Cropping

Answer 14

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Question 15

Crop Rotation

Answer 15

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Question 16

Wet Rice

Answer 16

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

Question 17

Sawah

Answer 17

A flooded field for growing rice.

Question 18

Paddy

Answer 18

The Maylay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.

Question 19

Shifting Cultivation

Answer 19

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift frequently from one field to another. Ex: Slash & Burn, Frequent Relocation.

Question 20

Pastoral Nomadism

Answer 20

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Question 21

Transhumance

Answer 21

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Question 22

Plantation

Answer 22

A large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops.

Question 23

Fishing

Answer 23

The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.

Question 24

Aquaculture, or aquafarming

Answer 24

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.

Question 25

Overfishing

Answer 25

Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.

Question 26

Agribusiness

Answer 26

The system of commercial farming found in developed countries.

Question 27

Monocropping

Answer 27

The practice of growing the same single crop every year after year.

Question 28

Horticulture

Answer 28

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Question 29

Commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming

Answer 29

Relatively small-scale productions of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture.

Question 30

Truck Farming

Answer 30

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English work truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”

Question 31

Ranching

Answer 31

The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.

Question 32

Dairy Farm

Answer 32

A form of Commercial Agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.

Question 33

Milkshed

Answer 33

The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.

Question 34

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Answer 34

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

Question 35

Desertification

Answer 35

Human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition.

Question 36

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 36

An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the 17th century.

Question 37

Green Revolution

Answer 37

The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s. Two main practices: the introduction of new higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers.

Question 38

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Answer 38

A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

Question 39

Organic Agriculture

Answer 39

Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.

Question 40

Herbicides

Answer 40

A chemical to control unwanted plants.

Question 41

Pesticides

Answer 41

A substance to control pests, including weeds.

Question 42

Conservation Tillage

Answer 42

A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.

Question 43

No Tillage

Answer 43

Leaves all of the soil undisturbed, and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest is left untouched on the fields.

Question 44

Ridge Tillage

Answer 44

A system of planting crops on ridge tops. Crops are planted on 10- to 20-centimeter (4- to 8-inch) ridges that are formed during cultivation or after harvest. A crop is planted on the same ridges, in the same rows, year after year.