Chapter One Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
T/F One of the lobes is the parietal lobe.
A
True
2
Q
What are the four lobes of the brain?
A
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
3
Q
List four components of Connell’s expansion on Reitan and Wolfson’s model of brain behavior
A
language, attention, perception, short-term memory
4
Q
T/F Sodium and potassium are not important in nerve impulse transmission.
A
false
5
Q
List four important neurotransmitters
A
GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
6
Q
What is a common factor used in research to measure cognitive process?
A
Speed
7
Q
T/F Correlational studies help researchers understand the relationship between two or more variables
A
True
8
Q
T/F Skinner rejected behaviorism’s explanation for language development
A
false
9
Q
T/F The invention of the computer was important in the history of Cognitive Psychology, providing an understanding of the brain through the information-processing model.
A
true
10
Q
One approach to the study of cognition that emphasizes the importance of interaction between a person and the environment is:
A
embodied cognition
11
Q
T/F Metacognition is the term to describe learning new behaviors through classical and operant conditioning.
A
false
12
Q
T/F Accuracy is a factor often measured in research on cognition.
A
true
13
Q
T/F Noam Chomsky proposed language as developing from cognitive processes beyond simple reinforcement.
A
true
14
Q
T/F The first book titled, “Cognitive Psychology”, was authored by Wilhelm Wundt
A
false
15
Q
The aspect of the Scientific Method that promotes acceptance of simple over complex explanations is know as:
A
parsimony
16
Q
T/F In the typical flow of information into cognition, perception comes before sensation.
A
false
17
Q
T/F In the visual system, cones are the sensory receptors responsible for color vision.
A
true
18
Q
The receptor cells in the auditory system are:
A
Hair cells in the ears
19
Q
The olfaction system uses this sensory organ:
A
nose
20
Q
T/F According to the Gestalt approach to perception, objects are generally perceived as a whole.
A
true
21
Q
The type of processing used when we look at the name “Sean” and can correctly pronounce this word is referred to as:
A
Top-down processing
22
Q
T/F Object recognition involves two brain pathways: the dorsal and the ventral pathway.
A
true
23
Q
T/F In the Gestalt principle of proximity, objects are grouped together based on how different they are from each other.
A
false
24
Q
The Gestalt principle to describe the process whereby we perceive objects as continuous even when we do not actually see some parts of the object is called:
A
continuity
25
A type of disorder involving impaired object recognition is known as:
agnosia
26
T/F William James, early American psychologist, reported that Attention was too complex for people to understand.
false
27
T/F The Stroop task is considered a "Gold Standard" measure of Attention.
true
28
_______ Processing occurs without intention.
automatic
29
No longer noticing auditory stimuli still present can be referred to as:
habituation
30
T/F Broadbent's Information Filter Model introduced the concept of "Bottleneck" to explain Attention.
true
31
T/F The capture of attention for one’s own name is known as Working Memory.
false
32
Two function of Visual Attention are Orientation and ________.
integration
33
The ______ Effect explains why people respond more slowly to information presented on the opposite side of the body (e.g., the word "right" presented in the left ear).
simon
34
T/F According to the lecture, it is debatable as to whether Divided Attention actually exists.
true
35
The two lobes most involved in attention processes are
frontal and parietal
36
T/F Information in long-term memory is stored in different areas of the brain, typically where similar types of information are stored; for example, information about a Chevy truck would be stored near brain areas already storing information about Ford trucks.
true
37
T/F Implicit memory is from information acquired unintentionally.
true
38
T/F Mnemonics are an effective way to help remember information.
true
39
T/F Being able to name a familiar face is an example of Recognition.
true
40
Forgetting is a natural process that involves two primary processes:
lack of consolidation and interference
41
T/F Multiple choice formats are an example of free-recall.
false
42
T/F Based upon results shown in a serial position curve, information presented first is information that is best remembered. This is know as the Recency Effect.
false
43
T/F The Levels of Processing Model proposes a distinction between deep encoding and shallow encoding.
true
44
Research shows that asking participants to purposefully memorize information will result in better performance in:
recall tasks
45
Episodic and semantic memory are best categorized as:
explicit memory
46
refers to a mental ordered set of actions, such as how to do your laundry.
script
47
T/F As humans, we typically encode only pieces of events (rather than encoding entire events), then reconstruct the information in our minds to "connect the dots".
true
48
This memory error refers to how some unwanted memories continue to be repeated in our minds and can interfere with other cognitive processes.
persistence
49
The memory error of Transience is cause by
interrupted consolidation and interference
50
refers to a general knowledge structure, such as knowing what a typical professor's office looks like.
schema
51
T/F The "memory" error of Absentmindedness refers to lack of attention during encoding or retrieval.
true
52
T/F An example of the memory error of Source Misattribution is misremembering which professor announced that their would be a test next class.
true
53
T/F The textbook indicated that neuronal plaques and tangles are two pathological features of Alzheimer's disease, contributing to the resulting memory problems seen in patients with this disease.
true
54
T/F Providing eye-witnesses with cues, such as repeated pictures of suspects and head-nodding by the interviewers, is unlikely to affect the accuracy of the eye-witnesses' memory recall, since memory for eye-witnessed events is stable over time.
false
55
T/F The case of Jennifer Thomson and Ronald Cotton demonstrates that eyewitness testimony is relatively error-free.
false
56
T/F Communication is the primary function of language.
true
57
T/F With regard to the structure of language, a "morpheme" is the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning.
true
58
Orthography refers to:
letters
59
T/F The arcuate fasciculus is our system of grammatical rules.
false
60
T/F Language-related auditory stimuli is perceived in the exact same way as any other types of auditory stimuli.
false
61
Most people know this many words:
40-60k
62
T/F Mental Lexicon is our collection of known words.
true
63
T/F In spoken language, words are perceived as distinct based upon slight pauses between each word by the speaker.
false
64
Using a pronoun to refer back to something (or someone) in another sentence is called .
anaphoric inference
65
T/F Despite how complex language can be (e.g., different speeds of spoken speech; different accents; different fonts in written language), we comprehend language with remarkable speed and without much conscious effort.
true
66
T/F Errors in expressive language are typically the result of problems in the mouth, throat, and lungs.
false
67
T/F The brain area known to be primarily responsible for expressive language is Broca's area.
true
68
This describes a situation where one has accessed the semantic and syntactic representations of a word but not the phonological form of the word:
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
69
T/F Processes involved for comprehension and production are similar but operate differently.
true
70
T/F As a general rule, anterior portions of the brain are more involved in receptive functions, and posterior portions of the brain are more involved in expressive functions.
false
71
The text describes a three-part model of language productions as Conceptualization, , and Articulation.
formulation
72
T/F The word association model and the concept meditation model are two models to explain a bilingual person's mental lexicon.
true
73
T/F An animal's ability to mimic speech is one example of language.
false
74
The minimum distinguishing characteristic of human language is
recursive syntax
75
The actor, Bruce Willis, initially reported by media to have primary progressive aphasia, is now being reported as having
frontotemporal dementia
76
T/F The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobes.
true
77
T/F The process of visual sensation to perception, in which we infer meaning, happens at an unconscious level.
true
78
Three principles of the Gestalt approach to visual perception are:
similarity, proximity, continuation
79
T/F Visual object recognition occurs in the dorsal pathway.
false
80
T/F The visual pathway responsible for identifying the "where" is the ventral pathway.
false
81
T/F Imagery contributes to problem solving, navigation, performance, and mind wandering.
true
82
Kosslyn (1973) predicted that participants would show longer response times in a task that involves “moving” longer distances across the scene or object; this model is referred to as the Model.
spatial representation
83
T/F Pictures are more easily remembered than words.
true
84
T/F Abstract words are remembered more easily than concrete words.
false
85
T/F Motor imagery can benefit performance in sports.
true
86
T/F Some researchers and clinicians consider Problem Solving to be one aspect of Executive Functioning.
true
87
T/F One framework for Problem Solving is the represented by IDEAL.
true
88
T/F The first step in the problem solving model presented is to Identify Possible Solutions.
false
89
T/F The second step in the Problem Solving model presented to is Describe the Solutions.
false
90
T/F The third step in the Problem Solving model is Explore Possible Solutions.
true
91
T/F The fourth step in the Problem Solving model is Act on Solution.
true
92
T/F The fifth step in the Problem Solving model is Listen.
false
93
This describes a Problem Solving strategy that does not guarantee a solution but works well enough.
heuristic
94
This concept describes a mental representation of the initial and goal states, possible subgoals, constraints, and operators.
problem space
95
This concept describes the actions that can be performed to change a state.
operators
96
T/F An argument is a set of premises without a conclusion.
false
97
T/F Deductive reasoning is one of the two primary types of reasoning presented in the text.
true
98
This type of reasoning makes inferences based on observations.
inductive
99
This error refers to assuming that one event caused another, because the two events occurred close in time:
illusory correlation
100
This type of reasoning evaluates arguments:
deductive
101
T/F "Confirmation Bias¨ refers to using the falsification strategy.
false
102
Methods to assess abstract reasoning include:
similarities, matrices, proverbs
103
T/F One of the two primary types of reasoning per the text is inductive reasoning.
true
104
T/F A syllogism is two premises followed by a conclusion.
true
105
T/F This phrase represents Analogical Reasoning: a tree is to forest as a soldier is to army.
true
106
T/F A heuristic is a mental shortcut that we use to reduce the processing burden on our cognitive systems when we solve a problem or make a decision.
true
107
T/F The Availability Heuristics works through reliance on Stereotypes.
false
108
The five phases of Galotti's (2002) Decision Making Model include: Setting Goals; Gathering Information; Structuring Decision; and what others?
making final choice, evaluating decision
109
T/F Anchoring effect occurs when the starting point given in a problem strongly influences our decision in estimating an answer to the problem.
true
110
T/F Framing bias refers to the bias we have where “losses loom larger than gains.”
false
111
This theory posits that we make decisions based on relative gain.
expected utility theory
112
T/F According to Prospect Theory, people tend to overweigh low-probability outcomes and underweigh high-probability outcomes.
true
113
T/F Research on cultural difference has found that Eastern populations have greater loss aversion.
false
114
T/F The decoy effect occurs when a third option affects the choice between other equally valued options.
true
115
When the goal of agreement within the group takes priority over the to-be-decided issue and therefore hinders decision-making, this process has occurred:
groupthink
116
T/F An example of a cross-sectional research design measures is measurement at one time of three different age groups: babies ages 1 month, 5 months, and 10 months of age, on cognitive functioning.
true
117
T/F A longitudinal research design uses many different groups, observed over a long period of time.
false
118
This type of research design allows for comparison of data both across groups and across different ages of the same individuals:
cohort-sequential
119
T/F Violation of Expectation procedure measures decrease in response after repeated exposure
false
120
T/F Eye tracking technique is more precise than preferential looking technique.
true
121
Who proposed that language develops through reinforced imitation?
Skinner
122
T/F Interactionalist approaches to language development integrate both nature and nurture into explanations of language development.
true
123
T/F Explicit memory is the earliest to develop, starting in early infancy.
false
124
His theory of language development posits that language is pre-programmed to develop.
Chomsky
125
This developmental psychologist coined the term "schema" to refer to organized knowledge structures or representations:
Piaget
