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Human Anatomy 1 & 2 > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

Define Anatomy

A

it is the study and structure of form

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2
Q

Physiology

Define Physiology

A

it is the study of function of the body parts

it’s when someone study the function of body parts

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

Define Microscopic Anatomy

A

structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

you have to look at the structures with the help of a microscope

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4
Q

Cytology

Define Cytology (cellular anatomy)

A

the study of the body cells and their internal structure

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5
Q

Histology

Define Histology

A

The study of body tissues

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6
Q

Gross Anatomy

Define Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

A

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

structures you can see without a microscope ex. skeletal system

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7
Q

Systemic Anatomy

Define Systemic Anatomy

A

Anatomy of each functional body system

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8
Q

Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy

A

all of the stuctures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

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9
Q

Surface Anatomy

Define Surface Anatomy

A

focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

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10
Q

Comparative Anatomy

Define Comparative Anatomy

A

examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of difference species

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11
Q

Embryology

Embryology

A

concerned specifically with developmental changes occuring prior to birth

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12
Q

Pathologic Anatomy

Pathologic Anatomy

A

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

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13
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

Define Radiographic Anatomy

A

Investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures

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14
Q

Physiologists

Define Physiologists

A

Examine the function of body structures, focusing on the molecular and cellular level

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15
Q

Cardiovasulcar Physiology

What is Cardiovascular Physiology?

A

When someone examines the functions of the heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

Neurophysiology

What is Neurophysiology?

A

it’s when somone examines how nerve impules travel throughout the nervous system

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17
Q

Repiratory Physiology

Define Respiratory Physiology

A

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels

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18
Q

Pathophysiology

Define Pathophysiology

A

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system.

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19
Q

Metabolism

What is a Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

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20
Q

Anabolism

What is Anabolism

A

small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

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21
Q

Catabolism

Define Catabolism

A

large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

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22
Q

Chemical Level

What is the Chemical Level

A

Atoms and Molecules

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23
Q

Atom

Define Atom

A

it is the smallest unit of matter

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24
Q

Molecule

Define Molecule

A

two or more atoms combined

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25
Q

Macromolecules

What is a Macromolecule

A

Include proteins and DNA. Form specialized microscopic subunits called Organelles

carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids

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26
Q

Organelles

Define Organelles

A

Microscopic subunits

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27
Q

Cellular Level

Describe the Cellular Level

A

Consists of cells which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms

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28
Q

Tissue Level

Describe the Tissue Level

A

Consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions.

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29
Q

Organ Level

Describe the Organ Level

A

Composed of organs, which contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

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30
Q

Organ System Level

Describe the Organ System Level

A

Contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.

ex. urinary system

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31
Q

Organismal Level

Describe the Organismal Level

A

highest level of structural organization in the body

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32
Q

Integumentary System

Describe the Integumentary System

A

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails. It provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secretions, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors.

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33
Q

Skeletal System

Describe the Skeletal System

A

Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attacthments

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34
Q

Muscle System

Describe the Muscle System

A

Consists of muscles, produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.

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35
Q

Nervous System

Describe the Nervous System

A

Consists of nerves. It is a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, and controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.

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36
Q

Endocrine System

Endocrine System

A

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, control reproductive fucntions.

Ex. Thyroid gland

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37
Q

Cardiovascular System

Describe the Cardiovascular System

A

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products.

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38
Q

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System

A

Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune response.

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39
Q

Respiratory System

Describe the Respiratory System

A

Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air between the lungs.

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40
Q

Urinary System

Describe the Urinary System

A

Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.

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41
Q

Disgestive System

Describe the Digestive System

A

Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

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42
Q

Male Reproductive System

Describe the Male Reproductive System

A

Produces male sex cells and male hormones.

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43
Q

Female Reproductive System

Describe the Female Reproductive System

A

Produces female sex cells, receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn.

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44
Q

Anatomic Position

What is the Anatomic Position

A

Stands upright with the feet parallel and flat to the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly.

Anterior means front

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45
Q

Coronal Plane (frontal plane)

What is the Coronal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts. Anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back and buttocks

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46
Q

Transverse Plane (horizontal plane)

What is the Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts. The superior portion contains the chest and the inferior portion contains the abdomen.

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47
Q

Midsagittal Plane (Medial Plane

Describe the Midsagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane and divdes the body organs into equal left and right halves.

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48
Q

Anterior

Define Anterior

A

In front of; toward the front surface

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49
Q

Posterior

Define Posterior

A

In back of; toward the back surface

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50
Q

Dorsal

Define Dorsal

A

Toward the back side of the human body

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51
Q

Ventral

Define Ventral

A

Toward the belly side of the human body

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52
Q

Superior

Define Superior

A

Closer to the head

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53
Q

Inferior

Define Inferior

A

Closer to the feet

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54
Q

Cranial (cephalic)

Define Cranial (anatomic direction)

A

Toward the head end

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55
Q

Caudal

Define Caudal

A

Toward the rear or tail end

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56
Q

Rostral

Define Rostral

A

Toward the nose or mouth

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57
Q

Medial

Define Medial

A

Toward the mid-line of the body

58
Q

Lateral

Define Lateral

A

Away from the mid-line of the body

59
Q

Ipsilateral

Define Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

60
Q

Contralateral

Define Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

61
Q

Superficial

Define Superficial

A

Closer to the outside, external to another structure

62
Q

Proximal

Define Proximal

A

Closeer to the point of attachment to trunk

63
Q

Distal

Define Distal

A

Farther away from point of attachment to trunk

64
Q

Frontal

Define Frontal

A

Forehead

65
Q

Orbital

Define Orbital

A

Eye

66
Q

Nasal

Define Nasal

A

Nose

67
Q

Buccal

Define Buccal

A

Cheek

68
Q

Oral

Define Oral

A

Mouth

69
Q

Mental

Define Mental

A

Chin

70
Q

Axillary

Define Axillary

A

Armpit

71
Q

Mammary

Define Mammary

A

Breast

72
Q

Pectoral

Define Pectoral

A

Chest

73
Q

Sternal

Define Sternal

A

Sternum

74
Q

Abdominal

Define Abdominal

A

Abdomen

75
Q

Coxal

Define Coxal

A

Hip

76
Q

Inguinal

Define Inguinal

A

Groin

77
Q

Patellar

Define Patellar

A

Kneecap

78
Q

Popliteal

Define Popliteal

A

Posterior of knee

79
Q

Crual

Define Crural

A

Leg

80
Q

Calcaneal

Define Calcaneal

A

Heel

81
Q

Plantar Surface

Define Plantar Surface

A

Sole

82
Q

Tarsal

Define Tarsal

A

Ankle

83
Q

Pes

Define Pes

A

Foot

84
Q

Digital

Define Digital

A

Finger and toes

85
Q

Deltoid

Define Deltoid

A

Shoulder

86
Q

Brachial

Define Brachial

A

Arm

87
Q

Antecubital

Define Anetecubital

A

Front of elbow

88
Q

Olecranal

Define Olecranal

A

Elbow

89
Q

Carpal

Define Carpal

A

Wrist

90
Q

Antebrachial

Define Antebrachial

A

Forearm

91
Q

Manus

Define Manus

A

Hand

92
Q

Palmar

Define Palmar

A

Palm

93
Q

Cranial

Define Cranial

A

Surrounding the brain

94
Q

Occipital

Define Occipital

A

Back of head

95
Q

Auricular

Derfine Auricular

A

Ear

96
Q

Vertebral

Define Vertebral

A

Spinal column

97
Q

Lumbar

Define Lumbar

A

Lower back

98
Q

Gluteal

Define Gluteal

A

Buttock

99
Q

Dorsal/Dorsum

Define Dorsal/Dorsum

A

Back

100
Q

Facial

Define Facial

A

Face

101
Q

Fibular

Define Fibular

A

Lateral part of leg

102
Q

Hallux

Define Hallux

A

Big toe

103
Q

Pelvic

Define Pelvic

A

Pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

104
Q

Perineal

Define Perineal

A

Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs

105
Q

Polex

Define Polex

A

Thumb

106
Q

Pubic

Define Pubic

A

Anterior region of the pelvis

107
Q

Radial

Define Radial

A

Lateral aspect of the forearm

108
Q

Sacral

Define Sacral

A

Posterior region between the hip bones

109
Q

Scapular

Define Scalpular

A

Shoulder blade

110
Q

Tibial

Define Tibial

A

Medial aspect of leg

111
Q

Umbilical

Define Umbilical

A

Navel

112
Q

Posterior Aspect

Define Posterior Aspect

A

Contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity

113
Q

Cranial Cavity

Define Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain

114
Q

Vertebral Canal

Define Vertebral Canal

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

115
Q

Serous Membrane

Define the Serous Membrane

A

A thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body. Forms two layers

116
Q

Parietel Layer

Define the Parietel Layer

A

Typically lines the internal surface of the body wall

117
Q

Visceral Layer

Define the Visceral Layer

A

Covers the external surface of the organs

118
Q

Serous Cavity

Define the Serous Cavity

A

Space between the membranes

119
Q

Serous Fluid

Define Serous Fluid

A

Lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction

120
Q

Thoracic Cavity

Define the Thoracic Cavity

A

Contains the mediastinum which has the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.

121
Q

Peritetal Pericardium

Define the Peritetal Pericardium

A

Outer layer of the serous membrane and forms of the sac around the heart

122
Q

Visceral Pericardium

Define the Visceral Pericardium

A

Serous cavity between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium, and it contains serous fluid

123
Q

Parietal Pleura

Define the Parietal Pleura

A

Outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall (lung)

124
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Describe the Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Consists of an abdominal cavity, which is superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones and a pelvic cavity, which is inferior to the pelvic brim

125
Q

Peritoneum

Define Peritoneum

A

Two-layered serous membrane that is associated with the abdominopelvic cavity

126
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

Define the Parietal Peritoneum

A

Lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

127
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

Define the Visceral Peritoneum

A

Inner layer of the serous membrane, and it covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs

128
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

Define the Peritoneal Cavity

A

Contains and is lubricated by serous fluid

129
Q

Umbilical Region

Define the Umbilical Region

A

Region is the middle region and is named for the umbilicus; or navel that lies in its center

130
Q

Epigastric Region

Define the Epigastric Region

A

Superior to the umbilical region

131
Q

Hypogastric Region

Define the Hypogastric Region

A

Lies inferior to the umbilical region

132
Q

Right and Left Hypogastric Regions

Describe the Right and Left Hypogastric Regions

A

Inferior to the costal cartilages and lateral to the epigastric region

Chest

133
Q

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

Describe the Right and Left Lumbar Regions

A

Are lateral to the umbilical region

134
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

Describe the Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

Abdomen

135
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Describe the Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower

Swap the left and right

136
Q

Homeostasis

Define Homeostasis

A

Refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or steady state in response to changing internal or external conditions

137
Q

Stimulus

Define Stimulus

A

Changes in a variable that is regulated

138
Q

Receptor

Define Receptor

A

Body structure that detects stimulation, which is a substance or process that is regulated

139
Q

Control Center

Define the Control Center

A

Is the stucture that both interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector

140
Q

Effetor

Define Effector

A

Is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

141
Q

Negative Feedback

Define Negative Feedback

A

The resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus

142
Q

Positive Feedback

Define Positive Feedback

A

Reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic even occurs

Human Anatomy 1 & 2 (4 decks)

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