chapter one

Question 1

define stimuli

Answer 1

anything that can influence an organism

Question 2

define sensation

Answer 2

detecting environmental stimuli by the sensory organs and the conversion of sensory information to electrochemical energy

Question 3

define sensory organs

Answer 3

specialized organs in the body that contain sensory neurons functioning as sensory receptors

Question 4

define sensory receptor

Answer 4

specialized cells in the body that detect sensory information

Question 5

define reception

Answer 5

detecting sensory information from the sensory organs by sensory receptors

Question 6

define transduction

Answer 6

the conversion of sensory information and electrochemical energy

Question 7

define transmission

Answer 7

the movement of electrochemical energy from the sensory receptors to the brain for interpreting

Question 8

define perception

Answer 8

the mental representation that the brain creates using the information detected by the senses

Question 9

define selection

Answer 9

crucial features of information is selected to be further processed and insignificant features are degenerated

Question 10

define organization

Answer 10

selected information is categorized, allowing for arrangements of meaningful patterns

Question 11

define interpretation

Answer 11

meanings assigned to the groups of patterns

Question 12

what year was the cocktail party effect carried out and by who?

Answer 12

cherry
1953

Question 13

give a summary of the cocktail party effect

Answer 13

.

Question 14

define selective attention

Answer 14

the process of concentrating on a chosen stimuli whilst neglecting others

Question 15

define divided attention

Answer 15

the process of concentrating on two or more stimuli simultaneously

Question 16

process of memory:
define storage

Answer 16

retention of information within the stores of memory

Question 17

process of memory:
define retrieval

Answer 17

the movement of information from the long term store of memory to conscious awareness

Question 18

process of memory:
define encoding

Answer 18

the form in which information is stored

Question 19

who and when was the multi store model of memory come about?

Answer 19

Atkinson and Shiffrin
1968

Question 20

the memory system is divided into three components, what are they?

Answer 20

the sensory register, short term memory and long term memory

Question 21

the three stores of the mutlistore model of memory can be understood as connected to each other through:

Answer 21

attention, rehearsal and retrieval process

Question 22

define attention

Answer 22

the mental capacity to concentrate on a specific stimulus while ignoring other stimuli

can be voluntary or involuntary

Question 23

define memory

Answer 23

the cognitive function through which information and past experiences are actively processed, stored and retrieved.

Question 24

define decay

Answer 24

the fading of memory overtime

Question 25

define capacity

Answer 25

the max amount of information able to be stored at a given time

Question 26

define duration

Answer 26

the length of time info can be stored

Question 27

define sensory register

Answer 27

the memory store where the sensory information is briefly held before decaying or transferring to the short term store

Question 28

iconic store = echoic store=

Answer 28

visual auditory

Question 29

define short term memory

Answer 29

a temporary memory store for limited information received from the sensory register and long term store

Question 30

define long term memory

Answer 30

a relatively permanent store for a limitless amount of information that sends and receives info from the short term store.

Question 31

what is the duration for the: sensory register short term memory long term memory

Answer 31

0.2 to 4 seconds 15-30 seconds relatively permanent

Question 32

define procedural memory:

Answer 32

a type of long term memory for skills or actions that are usually difficult to explain in words

Question 33

define implicit memories:

Answer 33

with practice conscious effort is not required to recall procedural memories. these are described as being implicit memories.

Question 34

define declarative memory:

Answer 34

a type of long term memory for factual information that can be expressed in words.

Question 35

define explicit memories:

Answer 35

takes a conscious effort to retrieve declarative memories

Question 36

name the subdivisions of declarative memory:

Answer 36

semantic memory episodic memory

Question 37

define semantic memory

Answer 37

a type of declarative memory for impersonal information

Question 38

define episodic memory

Answer 38

a type of declarative memory for personal significant events

Question 39

who and when was the features of working memory model carried out?

Answer 39

Baddeley and Hitch 1974

Question 40

what did Atkinson and Shiffrin allude to in relation to the idea of the short term store in comparison to Baddeley and hitch?

Answer 40

Atkinson and Shiffrin alluded to the idea of the short term store primarily acting as a storage component, Baddeley and hitch described the short term store as a complex active store that holds pieces of information while they are being manipulated

Question 41

define the working memory model:

Answer 41

a view of short term memory as a dynamic storage system capable of simultaneously holding multiple pieces of information

Question 42

Baddeley and hitch suggested in 1974 that the working model consisted of:

Answer 42

a central executive which integrated information from two slave systems, the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. Baddeley added a third slave system in 2000, the episodic buffer

Question 43

define central executive:

Answer 43

responsible for coordinating the slave systems as well as controlling attention given to information and decision making allowing for selective or divided attention

Question 44

define phonological loop:

Answer 44

temporarily stores and process auditory information. it is further divided into phonological store: storage for words that are heard articulatory process: repeats heard words in a loop allowing for maintenance rehearsal to occur

Question 45

define visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 45

stores and manipulates visual and spatial information used when visualizing something in your mind

Question 46

define episodic buffer:

Answer 46

temporarily stores consolidated information from the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad and long term memory. accessible by consciousness