Chapter One: Overview of Genetics

Question 1

What is a proteome?

Answer 1

An entire collection of proteins a cell makes at a given time.

Question 2

The proteome determines the ___ and ___ of the cell.

Answer 2

Structure; function

Question 3

Gene expression at a molecular level involves ___ and ___.

Answer 3

transcription; translation

Question 4

Transcription at the molecular level looks like?

Answer 4

producing mRNA

Question 5

translation at the molecular level of gene expression looks like?

Answer 5

production of a polypeptide

Question 6

Genetic variation is variation in ___

Answer 6

traits

Question 7

Gametes are ___ while somatic cells are __

Answer 7

haploid; diploid

Question 8

What are the three branches of genetics?

Answer 8

molecular
population
transmission

Question 9

What is genetics the study of?

Answer 9

heredity in all its manifestations

Question 10

What did Hippocrates state in genetics?

Answer 10

semen is the main genetic carrier - “bald-headed begets bald-headed”

Question 11

Democritus argued for ___ v. ___ in the early ages.

Answer 11

nature; nurture

Question 12

Plato believed?

Answer 12

It takes two to tango, both male and female contribute

Question 13

Who developed the first, comprehensive theory of inheritance?

Answer 13

Aristotle

Question 14

What did Artistotle’s Theory of Inheritance state?

Answer 14

Semen provides a form, menstrual blood contains matter; form controls and shapes matter

Question 15

William Harvey is known for?

Answer 15

Theory of Epigenesis

Question 16

What is the Theory of Epigenesis?

Answer 16

all parts of embryo are present potentially in egg
organism evolves by build up of these parts

Question 17

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek believed sperm provides __ while the egg ___

Answer 17

essential life-giving properties; furnishes the environment for nutrition and development

Question 18

What is the Theory of Preformationism?

Answer 18

organism is in on of the sex cells as a homunculus

Question 19

The Theory of Preformationism separated what two groups?

Answer 19

Spermists - homonculus found in sperm

Ovists - homonculus found in egg

Question 20

Who discredited the theory of preformationism?

Answer 20

Caspar Wolff

Question 21

Who proposed the first theory of evolution?

Answer 21

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 22

What are the two major laws of the Theory of the Inheritance of
Acquired Characteristics?

Answer 22

Change in the environment
change in needs, excess (dis)use, incr/decr in size of organ or structure

All changes of such nature are inherited

Question 23

What was the first theory of evolution?

Answer 23

Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Question 24

Darwin proposed the __ _ __ __ _ __ __

Answer 24

Theory of Organic Evolution by Natural Selection

Question 25

Summarize the Theory of Organic Evolution by Natural Selection

Answer 25

Variation is CHARACTERISTIC of animals and plants Variation can be INHERITED Every organism OVERPRODUCES offspring Struggle for SURVIVAL ensues Most FAVORABLE conditions are more likely top survive and leave offspring Passion of favorable variations leads to EVOLUTION In short - need for natural selection, you get it

Question 26

Darwin aslo proposed the __ __ __ __

Answer 26

Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis

Question 27

Describe Darwin's Pangenesis

Answer 27

produce gemmules - exact but minute copies of each body part Artwork

Question 28

Who disproved Darwin's Pangenesis?

Answer 28

August Weismann

Question 29

August Weismann proposed the ___ __ __ __ which...

Answer 29

Germplasm Theory of Heredity Two types of tissue Somatoplasm - body Germplasm - hereditary

Question 30

The germplasm is associated with the __

Answer 30

nucleus

Question 31

Who were the two most important plant hybridists before Mendel?

Answer 31

Joesph Kolreuter Karl Gaertner

Question 32

Mendel proposed what theory?

Answer 32

The Particulate Theory of Inheritance

Question 33

Who rediscovered Mendel's work?

Answer 33

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak

Question 34

Who was the first man to coin the term genetics?

Answer 34

William Bateson

Question 35

William Bateson is known for?

Answer 35

experimentally demonstrating the extension of Mendel's Laws to animals

Question 36

Who coined the term Eugenics?

Answer 36

Francis Galton

Question 37

Define eugenics?

Answer 37

improvement of a population by selecting its best specimen for breeding

Question 38

Galton advocated for __ eugenics and __ eugenics which encouraged?

Answer 38

positive; negative encouraged reproduction of those with beneficial trains and discouraged undesirable trains

Question 39

What are three ways the Eugenics movement had a strong impact on public policy?

Answer 39

Compulsory sterilization of 'eugenically-unfit' individuals Laws invalidating marriages between 'eugenically-unfit' individuals Immigration Restriction Act

Question 40

What are three implications of modern eugenics?

Answer 40

prenatal diagnosis artificial insemination cloning

Question 41

When is the product rule used?

Answer 41

for problems in which outcomes are independent of each other