Chapter Review

Question 1

The nervous system is broken down into…

Answer 1

• central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 2

What makes up the CNS?

Answer 2

• brain

- spinal cord

Question 3

Function: CNS

Answer 3

• process, interpret, store information

- issues orders to muscles, glands, and other organs

Question 4

Function: PNS

Answer 4

-transmits information to and from the CNS

Question 5

The PNS is broken down into…

Answer 5

• somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous systen

Question 6

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 6

-skeletal muscles

Question 7

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 7

regulates:

• glands
• blood vessels
• internal organs

Question 8

The autonomic nervous system is broken down into…

Answer 8

• sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

Function: sympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

• energy output

- mobilizes body for action

Question 10

Function: parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

• conserves energy

- maintains quiet state

Question 11

The basic units of the nervous system are…

Answer 11

-neurons

Question 12

Neurons are composed of…

Answer 12

• dendrites
• cell body
• axon

Question 13

What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Answer 13

• hold neurons in place

- nourish, insulate, and protect neurons

Question 14

Define: nerves

Answer 14

-bundles of axons and some dendrites in the PNS

Question 15

Function: myelin sheath

Answer 15

• speeds of neural impulses

- prevents interference between adjacent calls

Question 16

Communication between neurons occurs at…

Answer 16

-synapses

Question 17

Define: action potential

Answer 17

• change in electrical voltage

- produces a neural impulse

Question 18

Neurotransmitter molecules are released into ___________ and bind to ____________ on _____________.

Answer 18

• synaptic cleft
• receptor sites
• the receiving neuron

Question 19

Neurotransmitter such as, _______, __________, and ___________ play a vital role in mood, memory, and psychological well-being

Answer 19

• serotonin
• dopamine
• acetylcholine

Question 20

Define: endorphins

Answer 20

• modify the action of neurotransmitters

- reduce pain, promote pleasure

Question 21

_________, chemical substances, produced primarily by ________, are released into the bloodstream and affect organs and cells.

Answer 21

• hormones

- endocrine glands

Question 22

____________ promotes sleep

Answer 22

-melatonin

Question 23

___________ plays a role in attachment and trust

Answer 23

-oxytocin

Question 24

_____________, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine, are involved in emotions, memory, and stress

Answer 24

-adrenal hormones

Question 25

Sex hormones include...

Answer 25

- testosterone - estrogen - progesterone

Question 26

The flexibility of the brain to adapt is known as __________.

Answer 26

-plasticity

Question 27

What 5 methods are used to study the brain?

Answer 27

- lesion method - EEG (electroencephalogram) - TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - PET scan (positron-emission tomography) - MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 28

Explain: lesion method

Answer 28

-observing patients with brain damage

Question 29

Explain: EEG

Answer 29

-brain-wave recording

Question 30

Explain: TMS

Answer 30

-used as a "virtual" lesion method

Question 31

Explain: PET scan

Answer 31

-method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain

Question 32

Explain: MRI

Answer 32

-method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers

Question 33

Where is the brain stem located?

Answer 33

-lower brain

Question 34

Function: medulla

Answer 34

regulates automatic functions such as: - breathing - heartrate

Question 35

Function: pons

Answer 35

invoved in: - sleeping - waking - dreaming

Question 36

___________ is a dense network of neurons that screens incoming information and is responsible for alertness.

Answer 36

-reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 37

________ contributes to balance and muscle coordination

Answer 37

-cerebellum

Question 38

_______ directs sensory messages

Answer 38

-thalamus

Question 39

Function: hypothalamus

Answer 39

- involved in emotions and drives vital to survival | - controls operations in the autonomic nervous system, and the pituitary gland (master gland)

Question 40

Define: limbic system

Answer 40

-group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior

Question 41

Function: amygdala

Answer 41

-evaluates sensory information, determines its emotional importance, and decides whether to engage or withdraw from a situation

Question 42

_________ plays a critical role in LTM for facts and events

Answer 42

-hippocampus

Question 43

The ______ is divided into 2 ___________, connected by a band of fibers called ________.

Answer 43

- cerebrum - cerebral hemispheres - corpus callosum

Question 44

The cerebrum is covered by thin layers of cells called...

Answer 44

-cerebral cortex

Question 45

The _______ lobes contain the visual cortex.

Answer 45

-occipital lobes

Question 46

The ______ lobes contain the somatosensory cortex.

Answer 46

-parietal

Question 47

Function: somatosensory cortex

Answer 47

receives information about: - pressure - pain - touch - temperature

Question 48

The _________ lobes involve memory, perception, and emotion.

Answer 48

-temporal

Question 49

The _______ lobes contain the motor cotrtex.

Answer 49

-frontal

Question 50

The frontal lobes are involved in...

Answer 50

- decision making - carrying out plans - social judgment - voluntary movement (motor cortex) - speech production (broca's area)

Question 51

The _______ cortex appears to be responsible for higher mental processes.

Answer 51

-association