Chapter Review

Question 1

Motivation refers to…

Answer 1

-an inferred process within a person or animal to move towards a goal, or away from an unpleasant situation

Question 2

Hunger, weight, and eating are governed by a genetically influenced _____, which regulates…

Answer 2

• set point

- food intake, fat reserves, metabolism

Question 3

Obese gene causes fat cells to secrete ____, which helps the _____ regulate appetite.

Answer 3

• leptin

- hypothalamus

Question 4

Primary environmental causes of obesity include…

Answer 4

• prevalence of fast-food and high-calorie drinks
• decline in exercise
• larger portions of food
• abundance of highly-varied foods

Question 5

Eating habits are influenced by…

Answer 5

-cultural standards of ideal body

Question 6

Standard vary across…

Answer 6

-across culture and within culture

Question 7

When people believe their bodies do not match cultural ideal, they may develop eating disorders such as…

Answer 7

• anorexia nervosa

- bulimia nervosa

Question 8

_____ influences sexual desire in both sexes, but does not cause sexual behavior.

Answer 8

-testosterone

Question 9

____ have a higher frequency of many sexual behaviors than ___ do.

Answer 9

-men than women

Question 10

______ is not a result of psychological factors or having gay parents.

Answer 10

-homosexuality

Question 11

Same-sex behavior has been documented in more than ____ species.

Answer 11

-450

Question 12

Cultures transmit sexual norms through…

Answer 12

• gender roles

- sexual scripts

Question 13

Motives for having sex include…

Answer 13

• pleasure
• intimacy
• insecurity
• partner approval
• peer approval
• attaining a goal

Question 14

Motives for rape include…

Answer 14

• sadism
• narcissism
• hostility
• desire to dominate, humiliate, or punish victim

Question 15

Biological origins of passionate love may begin in ____, when the mother-infant bond releases what neurotransmitters involved in pleasure and reward?

Answer 15

• in infancy
• vasopressin, oxytocin
• endorphins

Question 16

Two major predictors of who we fall in love with are…

Answer 16

• proximity

- similarity

Question 17

Attachment theory views adult’s love relationships, like those of infants. They are either…

Answer 17

• secure
• avoidant
• anxious-ambivalent

Question 18

Women often express love in ____. Men often express love in ____.

Answer 18

• words

- actions

Question 19

The need for achievement was first studied using…

Answer 19

-thematic apperceptions test (TAT)

Question 20

Expectations for success or failure can create…

Answer 20

-self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 21

Expectations and success stem in part from feelings of…

Answer 21

-self-efficacy

Question 22

People achieve more and feel better about themselves when goals are..

Answer 22

• specific
• difficult but attainable
• framed as approach goals

Question 23

Most people develop higher intrinsic pleasure in learning when they are motivated by…

Answer 23

-mastery goals

Question 24

Top performers are motivated by a combination of…

Answer 24

• mastery goals

- performance goals

Question 25

Employee satisfaction and motivation is increased when the employee...(5)

Answer 25

- feels work is meaningful - has control over aspects of their work - has supportive relationships - gets useful feedback - has opportunities to learn and advance

Question 26

Types of motivational conflicts include...

Answer 26

- approach-approach (equally attracted to 2 goals) - avoidance-avoidance (lesser of 2 evils) - approach-avoidance ( one goal with positive and negative aspects)

Question 27

People motivated by ____ satisfaction of an activity are happier and more satisfied than those motivated solely by ______.

Answer 27

- intrinsic | - extrinsic rewards

Question 28

_____ believed human motives could be ranked in a hierarchy of needs, but this theory has little empirical support.

Answer 28

-Abraham Maslow