Chapter Seven

Question 1

Branch of biology concerned with effects of ionizing radiation on living systems

Answer 1

Radiation Biology

Question 2

Ionizing radiation damages living systems by removing _________ from atoms.

Ionizing is disruptive

Answer 2

electrons

Question 3

Consists of 2 protons and two neutrons. Very heavy and superficial.

Answer 3

Alpha Particles

Question 4

Once an atom is ionized will it be able to bond properly in molecules

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

Average energy deposited per unit length of the radiation’s path through tissue

Answer 5

Linear Energy Transfer

LET

Question 6

LET increases»

Answer 6

Biologic response increases

Question 7

Low LET=X-Rays and Gamma rays; short wavelength and _______ frequency

Answer 7

High

Question 8

___(1)___ are types of radiation that exhaust their energy in a shorter length of track and cannot travel or penetrate as far therefore they cause more
___(2)___.

Answer 8

1) High LET Radiation (Alpha)
2) Damage (because they can’t get through)

*Think wrecking balls: They are heavy and destructive)

Question 9

The ________ the LET, the more likely there may be DNA damage.

Answer 9

Higher

Question 10

SIDE NOTETHINK**

Risk of damage to DNA because there are several interactions that typically occur in the vicinity of the DNA strand

Answer 10

THINK ABOUT

THE GAME BATTLESHIP: CLOSING CLOSER AROUND A SHIP INCREASES THE LIKELYHOOD OF THE SHIP BEING HIT

Question 11

Atomic # “Z”=

Answer 11

Number of protons

Question 12

Atomic Mass # “A”=

Answer 12

Protons + Neutrons

Question 13

Relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

Answer 13

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)

Question 14

LET and RBE are _________ proportional

Answer 14

DIRECTLY

Question 15

Traditional Unit to SI

Answer 15

/100

Question 16

SI to Traditional Unit

Answer 16

x100

Question 17

Rad/Gray

Answer 17

used to measure amount of radiation deposited in ANY object-living or inanimate

Question 18

Rem/SV

Answer 18

measure radiation absorbed in HUMAN tissue only

Question 19

Consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons; very heavy

Answer 19

Alpha Particle

Question 20

Causes superficial/skin damage; can be stopped by black construction paper

Answer 20

Alpha Particle

Question 21

What is the QF for an Alpha Particle?

Answer 21

20

Question 22

Instability of an atom caused by addition or removal of electrons

Answer 22

Ionization

Question 23

Amount of energy deposited in tissue over path of radiation beam

Answer 23

LET

Linear Energy Transfer

Question 24

Low LET deposits _______ energy in tissue

Answer 24

LOW

EX: x-rays and gamma rays)

Question 25

High LET radiation deposits ________ energy in tissue

Answer 25

higher EX: alpha

Question 26

High LET is dangerous if: 1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________

Answer 26

1. Implanted (Prostate Seed) 2. Ingested 3. Injected 4. Inhaled (Nuc Med)

Question 27

Relative damage to tissues due to radiation being deposited

Answer 27

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)

Question 28

LET & RBE are ___________ proportional

Answer 28

DIRECTLY

Question 29

Used to measure amount of radiation deposited in ANY object; living or inanimate

Answer 29

RAD "Radiation Absorbed Dose" Gray (Gy)

Question 30

Used to measure radiation absorbed in HUMAN tissue only

Answer 30

Rem "Radiation Equivalent to Man" Seivert (SV)

Question 31

Measure ionization in air and in air exposure

Answer 31

Roentgen (R) | Coulombs/kg (C/kg)

Question 32

Used to measure Radioactivity

Answer 32

Curie Becquerel (BQ) Used in Nuc Meds)

Question 33

REMS=

Answer 33

(RADS)(QF)

Question 34

Seiverts=

Answer 34

(GRAYS)(QF)

Question 35

Traditional to SI

Answer 35

DIVIDE by 100

Question 36

SI to Traditional

Answer 36

MULTIPLY by 100 *super sized in 'Merica"

Question 37

Quality Factor of X-Ray

Answer 37

1

Question 38

QF of beta particles

Answer 38

1

Question 39

QF of Gamma Rays

Answer 39

1

Question 40

Fast Neutrons have a QF of

Answer 40

20

Question 41

QF is similar to what?

Answer 41

Radiation or tissue weighting factor

Question 42

Tissue irradiated under oxygenated or aerobic conditions is MORE sensitive to radiation than when irradiated under anoxic or hypoxic condition

Answer 42

OER Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

Question 43

OER is important in ________ _______ because, oxygenated tissue may not require as much radiation to kill cancer cells

Answer 43

Radiation Therapy

Question 44

you cells more vulnerable to radiation damage

Answer 44

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

Question 45

action of damage to cells from radiation occurs 5% of time

Answer 45

DIRECT

Question 46

95% of the time damage to the cell is caused by an

Answer 46

INDIRECT action

Question 47

Radiolysis of water can result in formation of ____________

Answer 47

FREE RADICALS

Question 48

Why are free radicals (*) so dangerous?

Answer 48

They are unstable, can travel, and cause point lesions away from the area that was irradiated

Question 49

2 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH*) can combine and form

Answer 49

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Question 50

H2O2 is ______ to cell

Answer 50

TOXIC

Question 51

The two types of free radicals created during radiolysis of water

Answer 51

1. Hydroxyl Radical (OH*) | 2. Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2*)

Question 52

1. When radiation interacts with DNA and severs a side rail or rung of the DNA ladder. 2. Are repair enzymes capable of reversing some point mutations?

Answer 52

1. Point Mutation | 2. Yes

Question 53

photomicrograph of chromosomes that shows damage from radiation

Answer 53

Karotype

Question 54

What is the mastermind of the cell and is necessary for the cell survival?

Answer 54

DNA

Question 55

Whole body dose of __1__Gy (_2_Rads) depresses blood ___3___ count (Threshold Dose)

Answer 55

1. 0.25 2. 25 3. Cell

Question 56

Explain "LD 50/60"

Answer 56

lethal dose of 3-4 Gy that may kill 50% of the population in 60 days

Question 57

What are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?

Answer 57

Lymphocytes

Question 58

Lymphocytes are the most radiosensitive cells in the body OR __________

Answer 58

LEAST radioresistant

Question 59

Adult nerve cells are ____1_____ in the body OR ___2___

Answer 59

1. LEAST radiosensitive | 2. MOST radioresistant

Question 60

2 Gy (_1_Rad) may cause temporary __2__ in males and females (Threshold Dose)

Answer 60

1. 200 Rad | 2. Sterility

Question 61

This threshold dose may cause permanent sterility in females

Answer 61

5 Gy (500 Rad)

Question 62

This threshold dose may cause permanent sterility in males

Answer 62

5-6 Gy (500-600 Rads)