chapter seven (operant/classical conditioning)

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

change not due to innate responses or maturation

Question 2

association learning

Answer 2

learning that two events occur together
two stimulus
a response and its conquences

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

we learn to associate two stimuli

Question 4

ivan povlov (1849-1936)

Answer 4

russian physician/neurophysiologist

nobel bell in 1904

studied digestive secretions

dwight/jim

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 5

stimulus that unconditionally -automatically and naturally- triggers a response

Question 6

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 6

not learned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus

salivation when food is in the mouth

Question 7

extinction

Answer 7

diminishing of a CR

in classical conditioning, when a USC does not follower a CS

Question 8

spontantous recovery

Answer 8

reappearance of CR after a period of extincntion

Question 9

spontaneous generalization

Answer 9

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit a CR

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

only the CS causes the CR

eg. smell of tuna has no effect, but smell of salmon causes feeling of sickness

Question 11

law of effect

Answer 11

behvaiour followed by favourable consquencese (reward) become more likely

behaviour followed by unfavourable consquences (punishment) become less likely

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Question 13

reinforcer

Answer 13

any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows(reward)

Question 14

shaping

Answer 14

reinforcers guide behaviour toward successive approximations of a desired goal or behaviour

Question 15

B.F skinner (1904-1990)

Answer 15

elaborated thorndike’s law of effect

developed behvaioural technology

Question 16

Skinner Box (operant chamber)

Answer 16

chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

Question 17

primary reinforcer

Answer 17

innately reinforcing stimulis

eg. food

Question 18

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 18

stimulus gains its reinforcing power through it’s association with primary reinforcer
eg. money or good grade

Question 19

positive reinforcement

Answer 19

add a positive stimulus (a hug)

Question 20

negitive reinforcement

Answer 20

remove aversive stimulus (seatbelt turn off, buzzing stops)

Question 21

continuous reinforcement

Answer 21

reinforce the desried reponse everytime it occurs

inital learning is rapid

extiniction occurs quickly

Question 22

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 22

reinforcing a response only part of the time

results in slower acquistion

greater resistance to extinction

Question 23

fixed reinforcement

Answer 23

reinforcement is predictable

Question 24

varible reinforcement

Answer 24

reinforcement is unpredictable

Question 25

ratio reinforcement

Answer 25

the desired behvaiour must be completed to recieve the reinforcement

Question 26

interval reinforcement

Answer 26

reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time. is not dependent on the behvaiour occuring

Question 27

fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 27

reinforces a response only after a specified # of response (eg. every 10 trails) faster you repsond the more rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay

Question 28

fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed eg. every 15 minutes reponse occurs, more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Question 29

variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 29

reinforces a response after a unpredictable number of responses eg. gambling, fishing

Question 30

variable interval reinforcement

Answer 30

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz

Question 31

punishment

Answer 31

aversive event that decreases the behvaiour that it follows powerful controller of unwanted behvaiour opposite of reinforcement can have negitive side effects

Question 32

postitive punishment

Answer 32

administer an averse stimulus eg. spanking/parking ticket

Question 33

observational learning

Answer 33

method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual's behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions

Question 34

negative punishmetn

Answer 34

In the case of negative punishment, it involves taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior. take kids phone away when bad

Question 35

conditioned stimulus

Answer 35

he conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Question 36

acquistion

Answer 36

the learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality

Question 37

conditioned response

Answer 37

the conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. ... The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned response