Chapter Seventeen: Organellar Inheritance

Question 1

organelle genomes lead to ___ inheritance

Answer 1

non-mendelian

Question 2

four-o’clocks inherited variegated leaves from the ___ due to genes found on the ___ genome

Answer 2

mother
chloroplast

Question 3

___ and ___ are nonnuclear organelles with their own small genome

Answer 3

mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 4

mitochondria produce ATP through the ___ and ___

Answer 4

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 5

the human mitochondria genome has ___ genes that encode for ___, ___, and ___

Answer 5

37
tRNAs, rRNAs, and proteins for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

a gene on mitochondria that encodes ___, which makes chemicals that are part of the inflammation response

Answer 6

gene: COX
encodes cyclooxygenase

Question 7

a network of circular DNAs inside a mitochondrion including maxicircles and minicircles

Answer 7

kinetoplast

Question 8

maxicircles contain ___but the sequence does not exactly match ___

Answer 8

genes
corresponding cDNAs

Question 9

alters pre-mRNA sequence to make a mature RNA

Answer 9

RNA editing

Question 10

RNA editing adds ___ and ___ and changes many ___

Answer 10

start and stop codons
new codons

Question 11

minicircles encode ___

Answer 11

guide RNAs

Question 12

___ use guide RNAs as templates for RNA editing

Answer 12

editosome

Question 13

is the mitochondrial genetic code the same as the nuclear genetic code

Answer 13

no, 5 differences in humans

Question 14

in corn, each leaf cell has ___ chloroplasts

Answer 14

40-50

Question 15

function of chloroplasts

Answer 15

capture solar energy and store it in chemical bonds of carbs

Question 16

most chloroplast genomes are ___ long

Answer 16

120-160kb

Question 17

how many genomes are present in each chloroplast

Answer 17

more than one

Question 18

chloroplast genomes have ___ gene arrangement and they ___ have introns

Answer 18

compact
do

Question 19

___, ___, and ___ forms of chloroplast genome

Answer 19

circular, linear, and branched

Question 20

chloroplasts have ___ genes that mitochondria

Answer 20

more

Question 21

the use of a gene gun to make transgenic chloroplasts

Answer 21

biolistic transformation

Question 22

DNA shot into the cell with a gene gun can enter ___ and __

Answer 22

chloroplasts
recombine into the genome

Question 23

transgenic cells are selected for using a ___, and transgenic cells can be cultured to produce a ___

Answer 23

selectable marker
transplastomic plant

Question 24

a transplastomic plant is one that contains ___

Answer 24

transgenic chloroplasts

Question 25

mitochondria and chloroplasts require ___ to assemble and function

Answer 25

nuclear genome products

Question 26

___ functions in mitochondrial electron support

Answer 26

cytochrome oxidase C

Question 27

cytochrome oxidase C has ___ subunits: ___ from mitochondrial genome, and ___ by nuclear genes

Answer 27

7
3
4

Question 28

nuclear genes encode the majority of proteins required for ___ in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 28

gene expression

Question 29

mitochondria and chloroplasts have characteristics of ___

Answer 29

prokaryotic cells

Question 30

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from bacteria that fused with nucleated cells

Answer 30

endosymbiont theory

Question 31

mitochondria and chloroplasts:
have their own ___
mtDNA and cpDNA are not arranged into ___
mitochondria use ___ and ___ in translation
___ block mitochondrial and chloroplast translation
comparisons of rRNA suggest their genomes derive from a common ancestor of ___

Answer 31

DNA
nucleosomes
N-formyl methionine and tRNAfmet
inhibitors of bacterial translation
nonsulfur and cyanobacteria

Question 32

some genes that originated in organelles have likely moved to the ___

Answer 32

nucleus

Question 33

because some of those genes have moved into the nucleus, organelle copy becomes ___ and changes may make it ___

Answer 33

redundant
non-functional

Question 34

organelle diversity can come from ___

Answer 34

different organelle genes being transferred to the nucleus in different lineages

Question 35

the chloroplast genome is ___ than mitochondria but has ___ genes

Answer 35

smaller
more (twice)

Question 36

progeny obtain organelles from both parents

Answer 36

biparental inheritance

Question 37

progeny obtain organelles from just one parent

Answer 37

uniparental

Question 38

when uniparental inheritance occurs, progeny most often inherit their organelles from the ___

Answer 38

maternal parent

Question 39

mtDNA is ___; cpDNA is ___

Answer 39

mitochondrial DNA
chloroplast DNA

Question 40

mtDNA mutations may result in ___ leading to ___ or ___

Answer 40

slow cell growth
small cell colonies or weak tissues

Question 41

cpDNA mutations may ___ leading to ___

Answer 41

decrease chlorophyll production
change in leaf color

Question 42

DNA polymorphisms can be followed by ___

Answer 42

DNA sequencing

Question 43

humans get all mitochondria from the ___

Answer 43

egg (mother)

Question 44

Mary and Herschel Mitchell isolated a slow growing mutant ___ strain that they called ___

Answer 44

Neurospora
poky

Question 45

poky is a ___ gene

Answer 45

mitochondrial

Question 46

when a poky female was crossed with a wild-type male mating cell, spores were ___

Answer 46

all poky

Question 47

when a wild-type female was crossed with a poky male mating cell, spores were ___

Answer 47

all wild-type

Question 48

female gamete may be ___ than male gamete, so the zygote receives ___ female organelles and ___ paternal organelles

Answer 48

much larger
many
few

Question 49

paternal organelles may be actively ___ or ___

Answer 49

excluded or destroyed

Question 50

paternal cells may segregate into ___

Answer 50

non-embryonic cells

Question 51

___ may prevent organelles from entering the egg

Answer 51

fertilization

Question 52

variegated four’o’ clock plants have ___, ___, and ___ branches

Answer 52

green, white, and variegated

Question 53

the plant is variegated because it has ___

Answer 53

two types of chloroplasts

Question 54

wild-type cpDNA makes ___, mutant cpDNAs prevent ___

Answer 54

chlorophyll
chlorophyll production

Question 55

contain a mixture of organelle genomes

Answer 55

heteroplasmic cells

Question 56

contain only one type of organelle genome

Answer 56

homoplasmic cells

Question 57

mitotic progeny of homoplasmic cells are also ___

Answer 57

homoplasmic

Question 58

mitotic progeny of heteroplasmic cells can be ___, ___, or ___

Answer 58

heteroplasmic, homoplasmic wild-type, or homoplasmic mutant

Question 59

eleven distribution of organeller genomes has ___

Answer 59

distinct phenotypic consequences

Question 60

and individual organelle can be ___ or ___ for either wild-type of mutant because each organelles contains ___ of the genome

Answer 60

homoplasmic or heteroplasmic
multiple copies

Question 61

a certain fraction of wild-type organelles is sufficient for the normal phenotype

Answer 61

threshold effect

Question 62

in four-o’ clocks, heteroplasmic cells make enough chlorophyll to ___

Answer 62

be green

Question 63

several diseases of the ___ and ___ are caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genome

Answer 63

human nervous system and muscular system

Question 64

mitochondrial mutations are passed from ___ to ___

Answer 64

mothers to children

Question 65

symptoms of mitochondrial mutations vary due to ___

Answer 65

heteroplasmy

Question 66

if a mother is affected by a mitochondrial disease, ___

Answer 66

all her children will be affected

Question 67

flaws in mitochondrial electron transport chain lead to optic nerve degeneration and blindness

Answer 67

levers hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

Question 68

MERRF shows a ___ pattern of inheritance

Answer 68

maternal

Question 69

MERRF stands for ___

Answer 69

myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease

Question 70

MERRF is caused by mutations in ___

Answer 70

mitochondrial tRNAs

Question 71

individuals affected by MERRF are ___

Answer 71

heteroplasmic

Question 72

severity of MERRF depends on ___

Answer 72

percentage of mutant mtDNA

Question 73

tissues with higher energy requirements are ___ tolerant of mutant mitochondria

Answer 73

less

Question 74

tissues with lower energy requirements are affected by mitochondrial mutations only when ___

Answer 74

the proportion of wild-type mitochondria is greatly reduced

Question 75

___ system in mitochondria generates free radicals, which can ___

Answer 75

oxidative phosphorylation
damage DNA

Question 76

accumulation of mtDNA mutations over time may result in age-related decline in ___

Answer 76

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 77

percentage of heart tissue with mitochondrial deletions ___with age

Answer 77

increases

Question 78

brain cells of people with Alzheimers have abnormally low ___

Answer 78

energy metabolism

Question 79

___ of mitochondria in most Alzheimers patients have mutations in cytochrome oxidase C

Answer 79

20-35%

Question 80

oocyte nuclear transplantation can sidestep ___ of mitochondrial disease

Answer 80

transmission

Question 81

the removal of nuclei from donor eggs with normal mitochondria then replacement of that nuclei with the nucleus from an egg of the mother with a mitochondrial disease

Answer 81

mitochondrial gene therapy

Question 82

eggs resulting from mitochondrial gene therapy are ___

Answer 82

cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids)