Chapter Six

Question 0

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 0

Form of Selective Attention

Ability to attend to only one voice among many

Question 1

Selective Attention

Answer 1

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Question 2

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 2

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Question 3

Change Blindness

Answer 3

Failure to notice changes in surroundings when attention is focused on something else

Question 4

Change Deafness

Answer 4

Failure to notice a change in the speaker or speaking when attention is focused on something else like the words

Question 5

Choice Blindness

Answer 5

Failure to notice that, when you choose something, you are shown something entirely different

Question 6

Choice Blindness Blindness

Answer 6

Saying that you’d totally notice if you were shown what you didn’t choose (but most people don’t)

Question 7

Pop-Out

Answer 7

When a strikingly distinct stimulus catches your attention

Question 8

Visual Capture

Answer 8

The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Question 9

Gestalt (German for “form” or “whole”)

Answer 9

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Question 10

Illusion

Answer 10

A perception, as of visual stimuli (optical illusion), that represents what is perceived in a way different from reality

Question 11

Figure-Ground

Answer 11

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Question 12

Grouping

Answer 12

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Question 13

Proximity

Answer 13

Grouping nearby figures together

Question 14

Similarity

Answer 14

Grouping figures that are similar to each other

Question 15

Continuity

Answer 15

Perception of smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

Question 16

Connectedness

Answer 16

Perceiving uniform and linked figures as a single unit

Question 17

Closure

Answer 17

Filling in gaps to create a complete, whole image

Question 18

Depth Perception

Answer 18

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Question 19

Visual Cliff

Answer 19

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Question 20

Binocular Cues

Answer 20

Depth cues, such a retinal disparity and convergence, that depend upon the use of two eyes

Question 21

Retinal Disparity

Answer 21

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain compute distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Question 22

Convergence

Answer 22

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.

Question 23

Monocular Cues

Answer 23

Depth cues, such a interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Question 24

Relative Size

Answer 24

Monocular Cue If we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away

Question 25

Interposition

Answer 25

Monocular Cue | If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

Question 26

Relative Clarity

Answer 26

Monocular Cue | We perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects

Question 27

Texture Gradient

Answer 27

Monocular Cue | Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed

Question 28

Relative Height

Answer 28

Monocular Cue | We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away and perceive the lower part as closer

Question 29

Relative Motion (Motion Parallax)

Answer 29

Monocular Cue | When moving, the nearer the object is to you, the faster it seems to move

Question 30

Linear Perspective

Answer 30

Monocular Cue | Parallel lines appear to converge with distance- the more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance

Question 31

Light and Shadow

Answer 31

Monocular Cue Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes- dimmer objects therefore seem farther away. Shading produces a sense of depth consistent with assumed light source.

Question 32

Motion Perception of Objects

Answer 32

Shrinking objects are perceived to be retreating; enlarging objects appear to be approaching. Large objects seem to move slower than small objects.

Question 33

Stroboscopic Movement

Answer 33

Phenomenon where the brain perceives continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images

Question 34

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 34

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Question 35

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 35

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape & size) even as illumination and retinal images change

Question 36

Shape Constancy

Answer 36

Perceived shape can appear as staying consistent even when angles are changed

Question 37

Size Constancy

Answer 37

Perceive objects as having constant size even when distance changes

Question 38

Lightness/Brightness Constancy

Answer 38

Objects are perceived as having constant lightness despite illumination variations

Question 39

Relative Luminance

Answer 39

Amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

Question 40

Critical Period

Answer 40

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development such a recognizing a face as a whole

Question 41

Perceptual Adaptation

Answer 41

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Question 42

Perceptual Set

Answer 42

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Question 43

Schemes

Answer 43

Concepts formed through experience that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

Question 44

Human Factors Psychology

Answer 44

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

Question 45

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

Answer 45

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Question 46

Telepathy

Answer 46

Mind-to-mind communication

Question 47

Clairvoyance

Answer 47

Perceiving remote events

Question 48

Precognition

Answer 48

Perceiving future events

Question 49

Parapsychology

Answer 49

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis (PK)

Question 50

Psychokinesis

Answer 50

"mind over matter" | levitating things and going all Carrie on people's asses