Chapter Six: Off to School

Question 1

mental operations

Answer 1

cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas

Question 2

deductive reasoning

Answer 2

drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal operational thought

Question 3

cognitive-operational period

Answer 3

preschool age

“taking an earthbound, concrete, practical-minded sort of problem solving approach”
no abstract thinking

Question 4

formal-operational period

Answer 4

11 to adulthood

expanding thinking beyond concrete/real, applying psychological operators, thinking hypothetically, reasoning abstractly

Question 5

working memory

Answer 5

type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly

Question 6

long-term memory

Answer 6

permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity

Question 7

organization

Answer 7

as applied to children’s memory, a strategy in which information to be remembered is structured so that related information is placed together

Question 8

metamemory

Answer 8

person’s informal understanding of memory; includes that ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory advantages

Question 9

metacognitive knowledge

Answer 9

a person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes

Question 10

cognitive self-regulation

Answer 10

skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and accurate monitoring; a characteristic of successful students

Question 11

During Piaget’s ______ stage children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations.

Answer 11

concrete-operational

Question 12

Hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristic of children in Piaget’s _______ stage.

Answer 12

formal-operational

Question 13

Children and adolescents often select a memory strategy after they have _________.

Answer 13

determined the goal of the memory task

Question 14

psychometricians

Answer 14

psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence and personality

Question 15

analytic ability

Answer 15

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions

Question 16

creative ability

Answer 16

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems

Question 17

practical ability

Answer 17

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work

Question 18

mental age (MA)

Answer 18

in intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s

Question 19

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 19

mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score

Question 20

If some children consistently have high scores on different intelligence tests while other children consistently have lower scores on the same tests, this would support the view that intelligence ____________.

Answer 20

consists of a general factor

Question 21

According to ________ theories, intelligence includes both general intelligence and more specific abilities, such as verbal and spatial skill.

Answer 21

hierarchical

Question 22

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligences, which are included in psychometric theories, as well as musical, ______, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences, which are ignored in psychometric theories.

Answer 22

bodily-kinesthetic

Question 23

Based on Gardner’s view of intelligence, teachers should ________.

Answer 23

teach in a manner that engages as many different intelligences as possible

Question 24

According to Sternberg, successful intelligence depends on ________, creative, and practical abilities.

Answer 24

analytical

Question 25

Evidence for the impact of environment on children's intelligence comes from studies of children's homes, from historical change in IQ scores, and from _________.

Answer 25

intervention studies

Question 26

convergent thinking

Answer 26

using information to arrive at one standard and correct answer

Question 27

divergent thinking

Answer 27

thinking in novel and unusual directions

Question 28

intellectual disability

Answer 28

substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18

Question 29

learning disability

Answer 29

when a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject

Question 30

A problem with defining giftedness solely in terms of IQ score is that ___________.

Answer 30

it excludes talents in areas such as art, music, and dance

Question 31

Intellectual disability involves substantial limits in intellectual ability and _______ that emerge before the age of 18.

Answer 31

problems adapting to the environment

Question 32

Biomedical, social, _____, and educational factors place some children at risk for intellectual disability.

Answer 32

behavioral

Question 33

In developmental dyslexia, children have difficulty with ___________.

Answer 33

phonological awareness (distinguishing language sounds)

Question 34

Key symptoms of ADHD are overactivity, _______, and impulsivity.

Answer 34

inattentiveness

Question 35

The results of the MTA show that, in the short run, the best way to treat the full spectrum of symptoms of ADHA is through stimulant drugs combined with _________.

Answer 35

psychological treatment that improves children's cognitive and social skills

Question 36

phonological awareness

Answer 36

the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters

Question 37

knowledge-telling strategy

Answer 37

writing down information as it is received from memory, a common practice for young writers

Question 38

knowledge-transforming strategy

Answer 38

deciding what information to include and how to best organize it to convey a point

Question 39

Important preceding skills include knowing letters and ________.

Answer 39

sounds associated with each letter

Question 40

Older and more experienced readers understand more of what they read because the capacity of working memory increases, they have more general knowledge of the world, __________, and they are more likely to use appropriate reading strategies.

Answer 40

they monitor their comprehension more effectively

Question 41

Children typically use a _______ to organize their writing.

Answer 41

knowledge-telling strategy

Question 42

Effective teachers manage classrooms well, believe they are responsible for their students' learning, _____________, teach actively, pay attention to pacing, value tutoring, and show children how to monitor their learning.

Answer 42

emphasize mastery of topics

Question 43

Boys typically have the advantage of gross motor skills that emphasize strength, but girls tend to have the advantage of _________________.

Answer 43

fine motor skills that emphasize dexterity

Question 44

Elaboration

Answer 44

Memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable

Question 45

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 45

Ability to use one's own and others' emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily

Question 46

Culture-Fair Intelligence Tests

Answer 46

Intelligence test devised using items common to many cultures

Question 47

Word Recognition

Answer 47

The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters

Question 48

Comprehension

Answer 48

The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words