Chapter Three: Fundamental Changes of Adolescence: Social Transitions

Question 1

Cultural beliefs

Answer 1

. Beliefs that are learned and shared across groups of people.
. Rooted in a cultures symbolic inheritance.
- Includes beleifs about meaning of life.
- Can include religion, familial, communication beliefs.

Question 2

Cultural Belief System Roles

Answer 2

. Gender
. Age-related
. Social status or class

Question 3

Process and Outcomes of Socilization

Answer 3

. Beliefs about standard for raising children.
- Three outcomes are shared by all cultures.
. Adolescence and emerging adulthood encompasses all of these socialization outcomes.

Question 4

Three Goals of Socialization

Answer 4

1. Self-regulation
2. Role preparation
3. Sources of meaning

Question 5

Individualism and Collectivism

Answer 5

. Cultures place value on independence and self-expression (Individualism).
. Obedience and conformity (Collectivism).

. Collective cultures:
- Promote development of an interdependent self.

Individualistic cultures:
- Promotes the development of an independent self.

Question 6

Broad and Narrow Socialization

Answer 6

. Broad Socialization
- Favours individualism (Western cultures).

. Narrow Socialization
- Favours collectivism (Non-Western cultures).

Question 7

Sources of Socialization

Answer 7

. Family 
. Peers and friends
. School 
. Community
. Workplace
. Media
. Legal system
. Cultural belief system

Question 8

Socialization for Cultural Beliefs in the West: Middle town studies

Answer 8

Typical American life
. Two studies done 50 years apart.
. Found that child rearing beliefs of the American majority culture changed dramatically over the 20th century. 
-  Narrow socialization decreased.
- Broad socialization increased.

Question 9

Custom Complex

Answer 9

A typical practice in a culture and beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. (ex: dating).

Question 10

Cultural Beliefs in Multicultural Societies

Answer 10

. Cultural beliefs of American minority cultures tend to be less individualistic and
more collectivistic than those of the majority culture.

. This is also the case in other Western countries.

. Creates a contradictory socialization environment.m

. Latino families tend to be more collectivistic.

Question 11

Feldmans Study of Chinese Immigrant Families

Answer 11

. Included adolescents from both first-generation and second-generation families.

. Found that Chinese adolescents in the U.S. and Australia had values that were closer to White Western adolescents than to Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.

. Maintained the collectivistic value of “family as a residential unit”.

Question 12

Religious Beliefs

Answer 12

. Virtually all cultures have religious beliefs.

. Typically contain prescriptions for socialization related to the three main outcomes:

• self-regulation
• role preparation
• sources of meaning

Question 13

Religiosity in Adolescence

Answer 13

. Adolescents and emerging adults in developed countries tend to be less religious
then those in traditional cultures.

. Secular countries – Japan and Europe.

. Americans are more religious than most developed countries.

. Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.

. Influenced by parents’ religiosity and ethnicity.

. Religious involvement is related to several positive outcomes.

Question 14

Religiosity in Adolescence: Islam

Answer 14

. During Ramadan, pre-pubertal Muslims may choose to fast or not.

. After puberty, religious practices among Muslims become less open to individual choice and more guided by social pressures..

Question 15

The Decline of Religiosity in Emerging Adulthood

Answer 15

. Religious participation and beliefs decline throughout the teens and are lower in the late teens and early twenties than at any other period.

. Standard religious doctrine not accepted.

. Religious faith associated with positive characteristics.

. Religiosity has declined with each successive generation.

Question 16

Committed Traditionalists

Answer 16

. 15%
. These are emerging adults who hold to a traditional,
conservative faith.

Question 17

Selective Adherents

Answer 17

. 30%
. When it comes to religion, these emerging adults take what they want and ignore the rest. That is, they believe only the parts of their denominational faith that
appeal to them.

Question 18

Spiritually Open

Answer 18

. 15%
. Emerging adults in this category believe that there is “something out there,” a God or spiritual force of some kind, but beyond this they are not sure what to believe.

Question 19

Religiously Indifferent/Hostile

Answer 19

. 40%
. Agnostics and atheists fall into this category, along
with emerging adults who say they have no opinion on religion or do not think about it. Some are strongly anti-religious, but to most young people in this category religion is simply irrelevant to their lives.

Question 20

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Theory

Answer 20

. Moral development is based on cognitive development.

. Stages of moral reasoning tended to increase with age.

. Study participants did not skip stages.

. Moral development was cumulative.

. Moral development was correlated with socioeconomic
status, intelligence, and educational level.

Question 21

Moral Reasoning Stages: Preconventional

Answer 21

. Includes stages 1 and 2.
. Based on perceptions of
likelihood of external reward or punishment.

Examples:
. Stage 1: “He shouldn’t steal because he’ll go to jail.”

. Stage 2: “He should steal because he needs the money.”

Question 22

Moral Reasoning Stages: Conventional

Answer 22

. Includes stages 3 and 4.
. Right is what agrees with rules established by tradition and authority.

Examples:
. Stage 3: “He shouldn’t steal because good sons don’t do
that.”

. Stage 4: “He shouldn’t steal because if everyone steals there will be chaos.”

Question 23

Moral Reasoning Stages: Post-conventional

Answer 23

. Includes Stages 5 and 6.
. What is right is derived from
universal principles.

Examples:
. Stage 5: “He should steal because laws need to be changed to reflect peoples’ basic rights.”

. Stage 6: “He shouldn’t steal because the universal principle of ownership must be primary over an individual’s needs.”

Question 24

Cultural Critique of Kohlberg

Answer 24

. Schweder
. Kohlberg’s coding system is biased toward Western values.
. Secular bias.
. Children learn moral beliefs specific to their culture.

Question 25

Jensens Worldwide Approach to Moral Development

Answer 25

. Ultimate basis of morality is a person’s worldview.

. Worldview’s provide the basis for moral reasoning.

. The outcome of moral reasoning is moral evaluations, which prescribe moral behaviours.

. Moral behaviors reinforce worldviews.

Question 26

Three types of Ethic based on Worldview’s

Answer 26

1. The Ethic of Autonomy
2. The Ethic of Community
3. The Ethic of Divinity

. Use of these ethics varies by cultures.
. The trajectories for these theories are considered templates.

Question 27

Adelson’s View on Cognitive and Political beliefs

Answer 27

. Studied political development in adolescents.

. The only variable found to be related to political thinking was age.

. Three key changes in cognitive mode.

. Theory has not been applied to diverse cultures.

Question 28

Three key Changes in Cognitive mode

Answer 28

1. The development of formal operations.
2. Decline in authoritarian political views.
3. Capacity to develop ideology.

Question 29

Emerging Adults’ Political Involvement

Answer 29

. Low conventional participation.

. Low trust, high skepticism.

. High participation in organizations devoted to issues, high volunteerism.

. Involvement in strikes, demonstrations, protests, revolutionary movements, and
terrorism (extreme political movements).

Question 30

Social Redefiniiton

Answer 30

Process through which an individuals position or status is redefined by society.

Question 31

Age of Majority

Answer 31

Designated age at which an individuals is recognized as an adult.

Question 32

Statutory Rape

Answer 32

Sex between two individuals even when consensual when one of the persons is below the legal age of consent.

Question 33

Inventionists

Answer 33

Theorists who argue that the period of adolescents is mainly a social invention.

Question 34

Child protectionists

Answer 34

individuals who argue early in the twentieth century that adolescence needed to be kept out of labor force in order to protect them from hazards in the workplace.

Question 35

Teenager

Answer 35

A term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people.

Question 36

Youth

Answer 36

A term used to refer to individuals ages 12-24.

Question 37

Initiation Ceremony

Answer 37

The formal induction of a young person into adulthood.

Question 38

Status Offence

Answer 38

Violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults.

Question 39

Juvenile Justice System

Answer 39

Separation system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency.

Question 40

Criminal Justice System

Answer 40

System of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime.

Question 41

Cohort

Answer 41

A group of individuals born during the same general historical era.

Question 42

Quinceanera

Answer 42

Elaborate sort of “coming out” celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many Latinos communities.

Question 43

Scarification

Answer 43

Intentional creation of scars on some part or parts of the body.

Question 44

Continuous Transitions

Answer 44

Passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually.

Question 45

Discontinuous Transitions

Answer 45

Passages into adulthood in which adult role and statuses are entered into abruptly.