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Soils and the Environment > Chapter Three - Soil Management > Flashcards

Chapter Three - Soil Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is Field Drainage?

A
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2
Q

What are indications of drainage problems?

A
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3
Q

List the TWO main factors influencing land drainage in Ireland?

A
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4
Q

Water in the soil exists in three main forms?

A
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5
Q

How to calculate the drainage needed?

A
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6
Q

List FOUR harmful effects of excess water in the soil?

A
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7
Q

What are the TWO main types of land drainage systems?

A
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8
Q

What type of soil is mole drains best suited to?
A) High sand content
B) High silt content
C) High clay content

A

C) High Clay content soil

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9
Q

What are the main causes of excess water in soil?

A

1) High Rainfall.
2) Poor Soil Structure.
3) Springs
4) High Water Table
5) Impervious Soils.

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10
Q

How to decide if you need a drainage system or not?

A
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11
Q

What is a Ground Water Drainage System?

A

A network of piped drains exploiting permeable drains.

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12
Q

What is a Shallow Drainage System?

A

Where permeability of the soil is low at all depths and needs to be improved.

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13
Q

Which ONE of the following four statements regarding mole drains is NOT true?
A) Mole drains are usually composed of a 75mm diameter channel at a depth of 0.5-0.6 metres.
B) Mole drains are usually installed at a depth of 0.5-0.6 metres at 1-2 metre spacing.
C) Mole drains are usually composed of a 75mm diameter channel and have a lifespan ranging from 3-8 years.
D) Mole drains are usually installed at 1.5-2.5 metre spacing and have a lifespan ranging from 3-8 years.

A

A) Mole drains are usually composed of a 75mm diameter channel at a depth of 0.5-0.6 metres.

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14
Q

Select the correct range in metres in which Gravel Mole drains are placed?
A) 5.5 -10.5 metres apart
B) 1.5 – 2.5 metres apart
C) 3.5 - 4.5 metres apart

A

B) 1.5 – 2.5 metres apart

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15
Q

. Gravel mole drains require clean gravel in what grading brand?
A) 30-40mm
B) 10-20mm
C) 20-30mm
D) 40-60mm

A

B) 10-20mm

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16
Q

What is Porous Fill in drainage?

A
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17
Q

What type of soil is mole drains best suited to?
A) High sand content
B) High silt content
C) High clay content

A

C) High clay content

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18
Q

Identify the correct name for this pattern of drain layout from the four options below?

A) Gridiron
B) Herringbone
C) Random
D) Interceptor

A

A) Gridiron

Insert image if doesn’t appear in question.

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19
Q

. Identify the correct name for this pattern of drain layout from the four options below?

A) Gridiron
B) Herringbone
C) Random
D) Interceptor

A

Random.

Insert image if it doesn’t appear.

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20
Q

Which ONE of the following four statements regarding mole drains is NOT true?
A) Mole drains are usually composed of a 75mm diameter channel at a depth of 0.5-0.6 metres.
B) Mole drains are usually installed at a depth of 0.5-0.6 metres at 1-2 metre spacing.
C) Mole drains are usually composed of a 75mm diameter channel and have a lifespan ranging from 3-8 years.
D) Mole drains are usually installed at 1.5-2.5 metre spacing and have a lifespan ranging from 3-8 years.

A

D) Mole drains are usually installed at 1.5-2.5 metre spacing and have a lifespan ranging from 3-8 years.

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21
Q

The TWO main factors influencing land drainage in Ireland are __________________.
A) Climate and topography
B) Topography and soil type
C) Soil type and human influence
D) Climate and soil type

A

D) Climate and soil type

22
Q

What are Soil Pans?

A
23
Q

What is Sub-Soiling?

A
24
Q

What is Ripping?

A
25
Q

What is Deep Ploughing?

A
26
Q

What is Slit Aerators?

A
27
Q

What factors should be taken into account when draining?

A
28
Q

What are the main advantages of Open Ditches?

A
29
Q

Under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Agriculture) Screening by the DAFM will be required if you intend to undertake land drainage works that exceed?
A) 10 HA
B) 12 HA
C) 15 HA
D) 14 HA

A

C 15 Ha

30
Q

What is the issue with having small drainage stone?
A) Not enough water flow
B) Too much clay filters through
C) Too much water flow
D) Not enough clay filters through

A

A) Not enough water flow.

31
Q

Under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Agriculture) Screening by the DAFM will be required if you intend to undertake land drainage works that exceed?

Give 3 points.

A
32
Q

When are rippers typically used?

A
33
Q

What is the issue with having small drainage stone?
A) Not enough water flow
B) Too much clay filters through
C) Too much water flow
D) Not enough clay filters through

A

A) Not enough water flow.

It will slow down water transfer.

34
Q

. ______________ is the term used for when sliding pressure spreads and smooths soil particles affecting drainage and root growth.
A) Surface capping
B) Plough Pan
C) Smearing
D) Surface run-off

A

I think (C) smearing

35
Q

The single biggest factor affecting soil compaction is the moisture content of the soil when it is being driven on or worked on – Is this true or false?

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

36
Q

What are factors to consider when considering soil suitability for crops?

A

1) Texture of the soil. See image.

2) Mineral considerations

3) Climate Considerations.

4) Physical Consideration.

5) Land Use Potential.

37
Q

How are soils rated to their potential?

A
38
Q

Whats a Plough Pan?

A
39
Q

What’s Smearing?

A
40
Q

What’s Surface Capping?

A

Ways of reducing capping include:

producing a less fine seedbed.
Incorporating more organic matter into the soil.

Retaining residues from previous crops.

Breaking a dried cap with a light harrow.

41
Q

How do cultivation techniques affect the soil?

A
42
Q

How to reduce negative impacts of inputs on soil?

A
43
Q

True or False – “In a minimum tillage system you must use a plough”

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

44
Q

What is a minimum tillage system?

A
45
Q

What is Soil Compaction?

A
46
Q

What are the main three causes of Soil Compaction?

A
47
Q

What are ways of reducing soil compaction?

A
48
Q

What is the main benefit of chopping straw back into the ground after a cereal crop?

A) Makes it easier to bale up into bales
B) Increases the amount of organic matter in the soil
C) Makes the straw drier so you have better quality straw bales
D) Kills off crop diseases

A

B) Increases the amount of organic matter in the soil

49
Q

Which of these is an advantage of minimum tillage?
Select one:
A) Increased establishment rate in wet conditions
B) Quicker crop establishment
C) Less Herbicide needed
D) Decrease in weeds like blackgrass

A

B) Quicker crop establishment

50
Q

List THREE ways of reducing the risk of plough pans on farm?

A

Using minimum tillage
Varying Cultivation Methods.
Varying Plough Depths.

51
Q

Soil compaction can be an underlying problem on many Irish farms

List TWO effects of soil compaction?

A

Can reduce crop yields and cause variation in crop quality.

52
Q

There are a number of ways in which a farmer/grower can minimise soil compaction”

Describe in detail FIVE ways of reducing soil compaction?

A

Soils and the Environment (7 decks)

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