Chapter Two

Question 1

Why did state education systems appear across Europe in the 19th century?

Answer 1

To manage the new urban working class and accommodate the new social and political social aspirations of the new middle class

Question 2

What is the shift, rupture, and state of the 1870-1994 period?

Answer 2

Shift: Issues managing migrant urban working class and imperial industrial trade and development
Rupture: Break with liberal resistance to state education and welfare
State: Modern (or interventionalist) state

Note: This era is driven by a fear of the working class and seeks to reinforce class structure and ethics
Policy evolved as a “question of survival”

Question 3

What is the shift, rupture, and state of the 1944-1976 period?

Answer 3

Shift: Post-war econ growth and expansion of middle class
Rupture: Move to universalist welfare state education-national system locally administered
State: Welfare

Question 4

What is the shift, rupture, and state of the 1976-1997 period?

Answer 4

Shift: Economic crisis, mass unemployment, shift from Fordist to post-fordist ideology, first phase of deindustrialization
Rupture: Break from emerging comprehensive nat. sys. , end of prof autonomy for teachers and schools
State: Neoliberal

Question 5

What is the shift, rupture, and state of the 1997-2013 period

Answer 5

Shift: Knowledge economy, hi-skills and basic skills, austerity
Rupture: End of national system locally administered
State: Managerial or competition state

Question 6

What are the hallmarks of English education prior to 1870?

Answer 6

(1830~) An area that merited gov attention in moderation
Funded by philanthropy (churches, the wealthy, ect.)
Run by “dame schools” and church societies
Creation/focus on teacher training colleges that produced virtuous role models for their working class students

Question 7

How did the Education Act of 1870 seek to “fill the gap” in education

Answer 7

It supplemented church schools that would later be incorporated into a system of “locally run state schools” (Created “Board Schools”)

Question 8

What did the Newcastle Commission find and what did it find, to 19th century policy? (1861)

Answer 8

It found that educational provisions and standards were low. Only 1 in 7 poor children attended school and most left to find work by 10
“Payment by results system”
Elementary school focus

Question 9

What did the Clarendon Commission aim for (1864)?

Answer 9

The reform and reinvigoration of the “great” public schools that would follow a classic curriculum that excluded science and technology instilled the culture and manners of the “old and new upper classes”

Question 10

What did the Schools Inquiry Commission find and contribute (1868)?

Answer 10

Focused on grammar schools that existed between public and elementary schools. Revealed poor secondary education strucutre, a lack of secondary education for girls, and a misuse of endowments.
Recommended establishing a national system of secondary schools, which was realized with the Endowed Schools Act 1869

Question 11

What was the true impact of Keith Joseph’s term as Sec of State for Edu

Answer 11

Influence Thatcher and establish controls over the ‘levers of edu policy within the DES’ within the hands of the Sec of State

Question 12

What was accomplished by the Conservative’s Education Act of 1980?

Answer 12

-Established some modicum of choice of schools for parents and introduced the Assisted Places Scheme

Question 13

What were the two phases of Conservative social and education policy?

Answer 13

1. (1979~86)Cut pub spending and liberalize labour markets, led to gradual dismantle of welfare state via budget cuts and privatization
2. (1986~97) Internal reform of the public sector (ed, health, social services, ect.)

Question 14

CCT

Answer 14

Forced councils to contract services to the lowest bidder and transfer workers to private providers. Replaced under Labour by Best value, which shifted the relationship from hostile to a partnership

Question 15

LMS

Answer 15

Gave schools control over their budgets and spending choices

Question 16

Ofsted

Answer 16

School inspections were contracted out to private companies

Question 17

What are the 6 key elements of neolib and neocons reform under the Conservative 1988 Education Reform Act?

Answer 17

1. A national curriculum that focused on trad subjects and cultural heritage
2. Suspicion of teachers and their “politics” and the need for account. sys.
3. Teacher proof eval systems and ways to ID failing teachers
4. Give parents right to express preference in regards to state schools
5. Devo of budget control from LEA to schools
6. Enhance authority and responsibility of governors and head teachers through LMS