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Latin > Chapter VIII - Key Words And Abbreviations > Flashcards

Chapter VIII - Key Words And Abbreviations Flashcards

1
Q

Incipiant lūdī!

A

Let the games begin!

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2
Q

Fēlīciter et tibi!

A

I hope that things are going as well/happily/luckily for you as they have been going for me!

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3
Q

Noun

A

A person, place, thing

E.g. men, Rome, bagpipe

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4
Q

Exemplī grātiā

E.g.

A

For the sake of example

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5
Q

Pronoun

A

Stands in for a noun

E.g. those, she, who

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6
Q

Verb

A

Shows an action or existence

E.g. drink, was, happen

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7
Q

Adjective

A

Describes a noun

E.g. green, tall, seventeenth

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8
Q

Adverb

A

Modifies VERBS, adjectives and other adverbs

E.g. yesterday, quickly, often, highly, considerably, very, quite

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9
Q

Conjunction

A

Connects words, phrases or clauses

E.g. yes OR no, over the river AND through the woods, I’ll be here WHEN they come

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10
Q

Preposition

A

Shows a relationship between words

E.g. the fool ON the hill

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11
Q

Interjection

A

Exclamation words

E.g. uh-oh, yeah!

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12
Q

Versus

A

Turned against or opposing

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13
Q

Nominative

A

Subject of action

E.g. HE walked the dog

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14
Q

Genitive

A

Links nouns without equating them - usually shows possession
How you tell which declension a noun belongs to
E.g. HIS idea was ridiculous

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15
Q

Dative

A

Personal interest - shows who the action gives advantage or disadvantage to
Can also be used to show possession when you want to stress the owned object (Liber mihi est - the book is mine (for me))
E.g. It was an interesting day FOR HIM

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16
Q

Accusative

A

Where action stops - the direct object

E.g. I smacked HIM

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17
Q

Ablative

A

Where action starts

E.g. The bookcase was built BY HIM

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18
Q

Instrumental

A

Goes alongside action

E.g. We went to Rome WITH HIM

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19
Q

Locative

A

Where action takes place

E.g. A bug was crawling ON HIM

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20
Q

Vocative

A

Person adressed

E.g. DUDE!

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21
Q

Et alia

Et al.

A

And (an unknown number) of other things (open set)

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22
Q

Person

A

Speaker’s point of view

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23
Q

Number

A

Whether it is singular or plural

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24
Q

Tense (Aspect)

A

Not just when it is happening, but also whether it is in the process of happening or is a single completed act

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25
Q

Present Tense

A

I am going
Now
Continuous Aspect (Present System)

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26
Q

Imperfect tense

A

I was going / I used to go / I kept going / I began going / I started going / I went
Earlier
Continuous Aspect (Present System)

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27
Q

Future tense

A

I will go
Later
Continuous Aspect (Present System)

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28
Q

Perfect tense

A

I went / I did go / I have gone
Now
Completed Aspect (Perfect System)

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29
Q

Pluperfect Tense

A

I had gone
Earlier
Completed Aspect (Perfect System)

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30
Q

Future Perfect tense

A

I will have gone
Later
Completed Aspect (Perfect System)

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31
Q

Mood

A

Refers to the way a speaker treats an action

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32
Q

Indicative mood

A

The speaker treats the action as a fact

E.g. He is here

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33
Q

Imperative mood

A

The speaker treats an action as a command

E.g. Be here!

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34
Q

Subjunctive mood

A

Treats the action as an idea or a wish

E.g. If he were here…

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35
Q

Infinitive mood

A

Refers to an action in general without assigning any person to it
E.g. To be

36
Q

Voice

A

To do with the grammatical subject’s relationship to the verb

37
Q

Active voice

A

When the subject is performing the action

E.g. He loves me

38
Q

Passive voice

A

The subject receives the action

E.g. I am loved

39
Q

Middle voice

A

The subject performs the action on himself or for his own benefit
E.g. I love myself

40
Q

Syntax

A

The way words show their relationship to each other

41
Q

Id est

I.e.

A

That is

42
Q

First person

A

The speaker - I if alone, we in a group

43
Q

Second person

A

Whomever is being spoken to - you

44
Q

Third person

A

Anyone else - he, she, it, they

45
Q

Declensions

A

The way that nouns are grouped

46
Q

Case endings

A

The way noun endings change to show their relationship to other words in the sentence

47
Q

Conjugations

A

The way in which verbs are grouped

48
Q

Et cētera

Etc.

A

And the other things (closed set)

49
Q

Continuous aspect

Present system

A

Shows action in the midst of happening

50
Q

Completed aspect

Perfect system

A

Refers to an actions that has been or we’ll be completed in past, present or future time

51
Q

Principle parts

A

Four examples of a verb that show how it conjugates

E.g. moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum - to warn

52
Q

First principle part

A

First person, singular, present tense

E.g. monēo - I am warning

53
Q

Second principle part

A

Present infinitive

E.g. monēre - to warn

54
Q

Infinitive

A

Part of verb most used to conjugate

55
Q

Third principle part

A

First person, singular, perfect tense

E.g. monuī - I warned

56
Q

Fourth participle part

A

Either ends in -um or -us, shows stem

E.g. monitum, monitus - monit-

57
Q

Analysis

A

A change in word order to show grammatical function

58
Q

Syllabic Augment

A

One way present stem is formed is by adding a syllable to the end of the present stem, usually -āv-, -īv- or -u-.
Amō, Amāre, AMĀVĪ, Amātum - To Love
Cupiō, Cupere, CUPĪVĪ, Cupītum - To Desire
Moneō, Monēre, MONUĪ, Monitum - To Warn

59
Q

Temporal Augment

A

Some verbs form their perfect stems by increasing the length of the present stem’s vowel (often a slight vowel change also occurs, making them tricky to identify).
Moveō, Movēre, MŌVĪ, Mōtum - To Move
Emō, Emere, ĒMĪ, Emptum - To Buy
Capiō, Capere, CĒPĪ, Captum - To Take

60
Q

Aorist

A

Another way to recognise a perfect stem is to look for an aorist marker, usually signified by the attaché run of an -s- or -x- to the present system’s stem.
Maneō, Manēre, MANSĪ, Mansum - To Stay
Claudō, Claudere, CLAUSĪ, Clausum - To Close
Intellegō, Intellegere, INTELLEXĪ, Intellectum - To Understand
Mittō, Mittere, MĪSĪ, Missum - To Send

61
Q

Reduplication

A

When the first two letters of the present stem are repeated and added to the beginning to form the perfect stem (at times, there will be slight vowel changes).
Currō, Currere, CUCURRĪ, Cursum - To Run
Pellō, Pellere, PEPULĪ, Pulsum - To Drive

62
Q

Reduplication with prefix

A

When a reduplicating verb has a prefix, the prefix takes the place of the reduplicating syllable.
Recurrō, Recurrere, RECURRĪ, Recursum - To Run Back
Expellō, Expellere, EXPULĪ, Expulsum - To Drive Out

63
Q

First Conjugation Verbs

A

Ā is the theme vowel
Principal part pattern is nearly always -ō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum
Amō, Amāre, Amāvī, Amātum - To Love

64
Q

Second Conjugation Verbs

A

Ē is the theme vowel
For about half, the principle part pattern is -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itum
Teneō, Tenēre, Tenuī, Tentum - To Hold

65
Q

Third Conjugation Verbs

A

E is the theme vowel, but is unstable
No predominant participle part pattern
Mittō, Mittere, Mīsī, Missum - To Send

66
Q

Third Conjugation -iō Verbs

A

E is their theme vowel, but their first participle part ends in -iō.
Conjugate like regular 3rdCVs but in present system tenses -i- is added between the stem and ending if there isn’t one there already.
Capiō, Capere, Cēpī, Captum - To Take

67
Q

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

A

Ī is their theme vowel
Principal part pattern is almost always -iō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum
Dormiō, Dormīre, Dormīvī, Dormītum - To Sleep

68
Q

N.B.

Notā Bene

A

Note Well

69
Q

First Declension

A

Genitive = -ae

Āla, Ālae = Wing (f.)

70
Q

Second Declension

A

Genitive = -ī

Dominus, Dominī = Master (m.)

71
Q

Third Declension

A

Genitive = -is

Homō, Hominis = Person, Human Being (m.)

72
Q

Fourth Declension

A

Genitive = -ūs

Ēventūs, Ēventūs = Outcome (m.)

73
Q

Fifth Declension

A

Genitive = -ēī

Rēs, Rēī = Thing (f.)

74
Q

Common Gender

A

Sometimes assigned to a natural gender noun that could refer to either a male of female person, such as cīvis (citizen).

75
Q

Vice Versā

A

With the opposites having been turned around

76
Q

Vērō

A

Really

There is no word for yes

77
Q

Minimē

A

In the least!

There is no word for no

78
Q

Ergō

A

Therefore

79
Q

Per se

A

By themselves

80
Q

Transitive Verbs

A

Where an action ‘goes across’ from a subject to an object - someone has to pick something (the act of picking requires a picker (subject) and a pickee (direct object)). These verbs need a direct object in order to make sense.

81
Q

Intransitive Verbs

A

These verbs describe a state of being, such as sleeping. Nothing is being done to anyone; it just is. Verbs of motion fall into this category - if you were going to the store, you weeks put doing anything to the store, but your state of being was just in motion in that direction. Due to this intransitive verbs don’t need (indeed, they cannot have) direct objects.

82
Q

Word Order

A

In Latin, this is usually subject-object-verb, but obviously check the context.

83
Q

Modifiers

A

Everything in a Latin sentence exists to modify the verb and thus reduce the possibilities. Nouns show this relationship by taking case endings.

84
Q

Predicate Nominatives

A

Method by which one equates a noun to the subject by putting it in the nominative case (the predicate being the part of the sentence that isn’t the subject), often with the help of the Latin verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be).
Ego mīles sum - I am a soldier, Marcus est amīcus meus - Marcus is my friend, Puerī sunt molestī - The boys are pests.

85
Q

Appositives

A

In this construct the nouns can be in any case and any verb can be used.
Jim, my BROTHER, is buying a truck, a FORD, for his son PAUL.
All the capitalised words are appositives - Jim = brother (both would be nominative as the subject), Ford = truck (both would be accusative as the direct object), Paul = Son (both would be dative, as he benefits).

Latin (14 decks)

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