Chapter1 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Descriptive Statistics
The collection, presentation, and description of data.
Inferential Statistics
The predictions, conclusions, and generalizations made about a
population based on sample data.
Population
the data of interest for the researcher. all outcomes that have ever or could ever occur.
Information about the population is usually the goal; however, obtaining all data values from the population is
usually impossible.
Census
a survey in which every member of the
population is measured.
Sample
a subset of the population; used to get a partial understanding of the population.
Parameter
a numerical value that characterizes some part of the population.
Statistic
AKA a numerical estimator describing some aspect of a sample; Statistics come from Sample data.
Data
information obtained from numerical facts or observations.
Quantitative (Numerical) Data
data in terms such as counts and measurements.
Qualitative (Categorical or Non-numerical) Data
data that refer to attributes, labels, or characteristics that do not represent counts or measurements.
Discrete data
the number in the data set is either
finite or can be counted. There may be an infinite amount of data, but the data can theoretically be counted
Discrete data are sometimes referred to as counts.
Continuous data
data that can assume any value in an
interval without any gaps, interruptions, or jumps. Continuous
data is generally data that can be measured in some way.
Continuous data can be referred to as measurements.
Observatory Study
Data collected where we only observe and measure characteristics from groups already created is
observatory.
An observational study uses those groups and records the differences.
Experimental Study
Data collected where some treatment is applied, and then we observe the results on the subjects.
Experimental studies put participants into different groups and the differences are measured.
Random Sample
A sample where every member of the population has an equally likely chance of being chosen.
Systematic Sample
After a random starting point has been established, every kth element is chosen
Stratified Random Sample
The population is divided into at least two groups according to some characteristic, we then select a random sample from each of the groups
Cluster Sample
The population is divided into groups, the groups are randomly selected, and then every member of the randomly selected group is surveyed.
Convenience Sample
When results are easy to obtain, the data is selected as the sample. This is not always a good way to collect a sample.
Voluntary Response Sample
The participants are self-selected in that they decide whether they want to be included in the sample.
