Chapter11StudyGuide

Question 1

Black Death

Answer 1

The most devastating natural disaster of European history occurring in the mid 14th century.

Question 2

Bubonic plague

Answer 2

The most common form of the Black Death, also the least toxic; spread by black rats infested with fleas; symptoms: high fever, aching joints, swelling of lymph nodes, dark blotches on skin.

Question 3

Yersina Pestis

Answer 3

Bacterium hosted by black rats that spread the bubonic plague.

Question 4

Pneumonic plague

Answer 4

Bacterial infection spread to lungs, resulting in coughing, bloody septum, and the spread of baucillus via coughing.

Question 5

Septicemic plague

Answer 5

Extremely lethal form of the plague carried by insects; victims usually died within one day of infection.

Question 6

Flagellants

Answer 6

People who resorted to extreme asceticism o cleanse themselves of sin and gain God’s forgiveness; became a popular movement in 1348 especially in Germany.

Question 7

Clement VI

Answer 7

Condemned Flagellants & 1349 urged public authorities to crush them because flagellant groups began to kill Jews and attack clergy who opposed them.

Question 8

Pogrom

Answer 8

Accusations or harsh punishments; for example Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning the wells, they were also persecuted by Spain, and Jewish communities in Germany were exterminated in 1351.

Question 9

Stature of Laborers

Answer 9

(1351) passed by the English parliament to attempt to limit wages to preplague levels & to forbid the mobility of peasants.

Question 10

Jacquerie

Answer 10

Revolt by the townspeople of Paris who were upset with the conduct of the war and wished to limit monarchial powers.

Question 11

Etienne Marcel

Answer 11

The leader of the Jacquerie; bourgeois draper.

Question 12

Villein

Answer 12

Rich people who are loathed by the peasants; people who “spend a lot” and “spoil the common wealth”.

Question 13

Peasant Revolt of 1381

Answer 13

Caused by the monarch’s attempt to raise revenues by imposing a poll tax or a flat charge on each adult member of the population; peasants who refused were expelled from the villages; rebels burned down the houses of aristocrats, lawyers & govt. officials, murdering several people.

Question 14

Wat Tyler

Answer 14

One of the leaders of the English peasant’s Revolt 1381.

Question 15

Richard II

Answer 15

Fifteen year old king of England who promised to accept the rebels’ demands if they returned home (end of serfdom & immunity to prosecution during their rebellion)

Question 16

Ciompi

Answer 16

Wool workers in Florence’s most prominent industry who revolted and won the right to form guilds & the right to participation in govt.

Question 17

Henry III

Answer 17

English king in 1295 who relinquished all previous claims to French except for the Dutchy of Gascony; this gave rise to numerous disputes between England and France.

Question 18

Edward III

Answer 18

King of England (1327 - 1377) who had a claim to French throne; refused to do homage to Philip VI for Gascony and the French seized Gascony; declared war on Philip.

Question 19

Philip VI

Answer 19

Duke of Valois, began a dispute over the throne with king Edward III who descended from the maternal side; loved luxury & desire for glory / territorial gain (like Edward III).

Question 20

Cre`cy

Answer 20

Land south of Flanders where Philip’s forces met Edwards army; location of first of several attacks suffered by the French in the Hundred-Years war.

Question 21

Black Prince

Answer 21

The son of Edward III, the prince of Whales, who waged devastating campaigns on France - burned crops and villages, luring the French into war; defeated the French & captured their king.

Question 22

Poitiers

Answer 22

In 1356, a battle took place here that would end the first phase of the Hundred-Years war; Battle of Poitiers fought by the Black Prince & King John.

Question 23

Peace of Bre`tigny

Answer 23

1359 French agreed to pay a large ransom for King John, the English territories in Gascony were enlarged, and Edward renounced his claims to throne of France for John’s promise to give up feudal control over English lands in France.

Question 24

Charles V

Answer 24

Son of King John continued next phase of war; French recovered what they previously lost.

Question 25

"Free Companies"

Answer 25

Mercenaries no longer paid by the English, who simply lived off the land by plunder and ransom.

Question 26

Henry V

Answer 26

1415; English king renewed the war with the Battle of Agincourt in which the French were defeated; conuered Normandy and forged an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy.

Question 27

Agnicourt

Answer 27

French were defeated by King Henry V

Question 28

Joan of Arc

Answer 28

Born in 1412, daughter if a peasant from Domr`emy in Champagne; 1492 persuaded King Charles to accompany the French army to Orle`ans; renewed confidence in the French soldiers and charged the course of the war; also known as "the maid".

Question 29

Orle`ans

Answer 29

Where the French army faught alongside Joan of Arc and liberated Orle`ans changing the course of the war.

Question 30

Charles VII

Answer 30

July 1492 under Joan of Arc, the daughlin was crowned King of France (Charles VII).

Question 31

Scutage

Answer 31

Money payments that replaced military service in the lord and vassal relationship; allowed monarchs to hire proessional soldiers anyway.

Question 32

House of Lords

Answer 32

Previously known as the Great council of barons, it evolved into a body composed of chief bishops & abbots of the realm; appeared in the period of Edward III.

Question 33

House of Commons

Answer 33

Representatives of the Shires and the boroughs, who were considered less important than the lords who held collective meetings; appeared in Edward III.

Question 34

Henry of Lancaster

Answer 34

Defeated Richard II (grandson of Edward III) with a faction of the peasant's Revolt; deposed & killed the king, making himself King Henry IV.

Question 35

Estates-General

Answer 35

A meeting or assembly of the estates of an entire nation to discuss and make decisions on legal matters; represent all social levels of society.

Question 36

Gabelle

Answer 36

Tax on salt proposed by King Philip VI to help pay costs of Hundred-Years war (French).

Question 37

Taille

Answer 37

Hearth tax (also by King Philip VI of France) to pay for the war.

Question 38

Golden Bull of Charles IV

Answer 38

A principle of election rather than heriditary basis of the German monarchy established by Charles IV in 1356; document stated that 4 lay princes & 3 ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors of the "King of the Romans" (King of Germany).

Question 39

Condottieri

Answer 39

Leader of mercenary soldiers who sold the service of his band to the highest bidder; usually served city-states to wreak havoc on the countyside, living in blackmail and looting when they weren't in the battle.

Question 40

Giangaleazzo Visconti

Answer 40

(1385 - 1402 ruled) transformed despositism into a hereditary dutchy by purchasing the title of "duke" from the emperor; conquered much land before he died.

Question 41

Grandi

Answer 41

Patrician class of nobles who dominated the free commune of Florence.

Question 42

Popolo grasso

Answer 42

a wealthy merchant - industrial class who assumed an important role in the govt. by establishing a new costitution known as the ordinances of justice; "fat people".

Question 43

Ordinances of Justice

Answer 43

Constitution established by the Popolo grasso that provided for a Republican govt controlled by 7 major guilds of the city that represented the interests of the wealthy.

Question 44

Signoria

Answer 44

Council of elected priors with executive power given to them by the Ordinances of Justice.

Question 45

gonfaloniere

Answer 45

Standard-bearer of justice who is assisted by a number of councils with advisory & overlapping powers; given by the Ordinances of Justices.

Question 46

Popolo minute

Answer 46

Small shopkeepers and artisans whose revolutionary activities won them a spot in govt.

Question 47

Great council

Answer 47

The source of all political power in Venice, dominated by 200 wealthy merchant families who practised heredity (established in 1297 & took conrtol of repub.)

Question 48

doge

Answer 48

(duke): executive head of the republic since the Early Middle Ages until 1300 when he became just a figurehead.

Question 49

Council of Ten

Answer 49

formed in 1310, held actual executive power of the state while doge became just a figurehead.

Question 50

Bonfice VIII

Answer 50

When King Philip claimed right to tak clergy, the Pope responded that one cannot pay taxes to their secular rulers w/o Pope's consent; began battle of palpacy V. royal sovereignty.

Question 51

Philip IV

Answer 51

Claimed right to tax French clergy; excommunicated by the Pope; cherged pope w/ heresy and pope lost

Question 52

Unam Sanctum

Answer 52

one of a series of papal bulls / letters issued by pope Bonfice VIII in 1302 to assert his position, claiming temporal supremacy.

Question 53

Clement VI

Answer 53

elected as French pope in 1305, taking up residency in Avignen using the excuse of turbulence in the city.

Question 54

Avignon

Answer 54

Located in Holy Roman Empire, but not French; new French Pope (Clement V) took up residency here, creating problems for the church.

Question 55

Papal penitentiary

Answer 55

a section of the papal bureaucracy in the 14th century that oversay ecclesiastical discipline and issued papal pardons

Question 56

Chancery

Answer 56

a section of the papal bureaucracy that prepared and sent out papal letters and documents

Question 57

Roman rota

Answer 57

a section of the papal bureaucracy that was responsible for judicial affairs and served as a court of appeals for cases referred to it by the pope

Question 58

Papal chamber

Answer 58

a section of the papal bureaucracy that served as the treasury which encompassed the various departments dealing with the collection and dispersal of the vast revenues of the church

Question 59

provision

Answer 59

english king in 1295 who relinquished all previous claims to French except for the Dutch of Gascon; this gave rise to numerous disputes between England and France.

Question 60

benefice

Answer 60

a church position that consisted of a sacred office and the right of the holder to the annual revenues from endowment.

Question 61

pluralism

Answer 61

practise in which the Pope pays the cardinals for their services by giving them a number of benefits.

Question 62

Catherine of Siena

Answer 62

called the Pope to return to Rome; was sent on a mission to Pope Gregory XV in Arigon because of her sanity demeanor and claims of vision from God

Question 63

Gregory XI

Answer 63

returned to Rome because of his perceived decline in papal prestige; died soon after

Question 64

Urban VI

Answer 64

(Italian archbishop Bari), elected as pope after the death of Gregory X on Easter Sunday to help keep Rome alive.

Question 65

Clement VII

Answer 65

A French Pope elected by dissenting cardinals who returned to Avignon (now 2 popes)

Question 66

Great Schism

Answer 66

2 popes: one elected by college of cardinals to represent Rome, and one chosen bu dissenting cardinals to represent France initiated a division of loyalties; France Spain, Scotland, and Italy = Clement; England, Germany Scandinavia, & N. Italy = Urban; amplified by political rivalry & reflected bitterness of Hundred Years' war; lasted for 40 years; need for political support caused both popes to subordinate their policies to those of the state.

Question 67

Marsiglio of Padua

Answer 67

Organized a systematic revolution to solve the church's institutional problems; rector of Univ. Of Paris & author of Defender of the peace; denied temporal authority was subject to spiritual authority; dergy don't hold special authority from God b/c church = community authority should reside w/ church council, not pope alone.

Question 68

Conciliarism

Answer 68

The belief that only a general council of the church could end the schism and bring reform to the church in it's "head and members"; idea arose among churchmen during Great Schism.

Question 69

Council of Pisa

Answer 69

Formed by a group of cardinals from both lines who heeded counciliarism formulas in 1409; deposed 2 popes & elected a new one: Alexander V; desposed 2 popes refused to step down therefore now 3 popes.

Question 70

Alexander V

Answer 70

Elected as pope by council of Pisa who headed advice of counciliarism.

Question 71

Sigismund

Answer 71

Holy Roman Emperor who organized a new ecumencal church council at constance (1414-1418) to end the Schism; 3 popes either resigned/desposed; elected a new conclave: cardinal odd one colonna

Question 72

Council of Constance

Answer 72

(1414 - 14180 arranged by Sigismund to end Great Schism by electing a new conclave & ask 3 other popes to resign or be deposed.

Question 73

Martin V

Answer 73

Chosen by Council of Constance as Cardinal Oddone Colonna, a member of a prominent Roman family, as Pope Martin (1417 - 1431), ending the Great Schism.

Question 74

Purgatory

Answer 74

The place in which souls existed after death so that they could be purged of the punishment due to the consequences of sin.

Question 75

Mysticism

Answer 75

The immediate experiences of oneness with God or Union of one's soul with God.

Question 76

Meister Echhart

Answer 76

(1260 - 1327) teacher of mysticism; preached union of soul with God; attainable by those who wholeheartedly pursued it.

Question 77

Johannes Tauler

Answer 77

discipline of Meister Echhart; German mystic who preached of unification of soul & preparing soul for encounters with God; created a movement that spread from Germany to the Low Countries.

Question 78

Gerald Groote

Answer 78

Inventer of Modern Devotion mysticism; preached messages of practical mysticism; peity & mortality based on scriptures & lead lives of servitude (like Jesus) to be more connected with God.

Question 79

Brothers of the Common Life

Answer 79

Group of Groote's followers who started a movement that spread through the Netherlands & back into Germany; founded new groups "houses" in many cities; established schools also, feared by church b/c not controlled by ecclesiastical establishment.

Question 80

William of Occam

Answer 80

Posed a challenge to scholastic achivements by starting that concepts were simply names, and only individual objects percieved by the senses were real; indicated that the truths of religion were not demonstratable by reason, but could only be known by act of faith.

Question 81

Dante Aligheri

Answer 81

Developer of Italian vernacular literature: came from Florentne noble family; exiled in 1302; wrote the "Divine Comedy" (1313 - 1321) - story of soul's progression to salvation.

Question 82

Petrarch

Answer 82

Developer of Italian vernacular literature by writing sonnets: great poet who often wrote about his love, laura whom he met in 1327; Florentine.

Question 83

Giovanni Boccacio

Answer 83

Italian poet known for prose; Florentine w/ Tuscan dialect; worked at Bardi banking & fell in love; many love poems including "The Decameron".

Question 84

Geoffrey Chaucer

Answer 84

brought new level of sophistication to English Vernacular, author of "The Canterbury Tales"; criticized corruption of church in late medivial period.

Question 85

Christine de Pizan

Answer 85

Received good education due to Father's position in French court of charles V; female author; wrote many well acclaimed poems in 1400; 1404 - The Book of the City of Ladies Canti Feminism / Women's rights

Question 86

Giotto

Answer 86

First dramatic break with medieval tradition, forerunner of Italian Rennaisance painting; peasant ancestry; painting workshop in Florence; formal Byzantine school; new kind of realism that imitated nature.

Question 87

"four humors"

Answer 87

organs of Greek theory: blood (heart), phlegm (brain), yellow bile (liver) black bile (spleen), each corresonding to an element of the earth: air, water, fire, and earth respectively.